The characteristics of broiler and broiler production
Broilers have high production performance, showing rapid growth, high feed returns, and fast turnover. Broilers can grow from 40 grams to more than 3000 grams in just 56 days. The body weight gains more than 70 times in 8 weeks, and the ratio of meat to meat is only about 2.1:1.
Broilers are sensitive to changes in the environment and have a weaker ability to adapt to the environment. They require relatively stable and suitable environments. The suitable temperature for broiler chickens is 1°C-2°C higher than that for egg chicks, and the time for broiler chicks to reach normal body temperature is about one week later than that for egg chicks. Broilers are not heat-resistant when they are slightly larger, and they are prone to heat-stroke deaths during the high temperatures in summer. The rapid growth of broilers requires a higher oxygen demand. If the ventilation is insufficient in the early period of feeding, it may increase the incidence of ascites.
The disease resistance of broilers is poor. No matter how large-scale chicken farms are, disease is still the biggest hidden danger of chicken breeding. It is not difficult to see from the chicken’s anatomy and physiology that the chicken’s disease resistance is poor:
(1) The chicken's lungs are small and are connected to air bags. These air bags flood all parts of the body and even enter the bone cavity. Therefore, airborne pathogens can enter the lungs and air sacs along the respiratory tract, and thus also into body cavities, muscles, and bones.
(2) The genital hole and the drainage hole of the chicken are all open to the cloaca. The eggs are easily contaminated during the production process. Therefore, some broiler diseases are transmitted vertically to the chicks.
(3) There is no diaphragm in the chicken, and the infection in the abdominal cavity is easily transmitted to various organs in the chest cavity. The infection in the chest cavity is also easy to spread to the abdominal cavity.
(4) Chickens have no lymph nodes and are equal to the lack of barriers that prevent pathogens from passing through the body. Therefore, under the same conditions, the disease resistance of chickens is worse than that of geese and ducks, and the intensive breeding of plants has the problems of faster spread, severe disease, and high mortality rate. Even if it is not dead, it will seriously affect the production of eggs and can easily cause direct production. Economic losses.
Air passes through the nose and throat to the lungs and air bags. The lungs are spongy and bright red. They cling to the side of the chest. The lungs are covered with blood vessels under the mucous membranes of the tertiary bronchioles, so the lungs are the main place for gas exchange. The airbag is a unique organ of the bird. Its main function is like a bellows, which sucks air in and pushes it out for exchange in the lungs. The airbag communicates with bones and other organs to reduce its own weight. This anatomy is the result of the evolution of the birds' ancestors to adapt to flight. It is precisely this feature that causes the poultry to quickly develop systemic infections after the external pathogens enter the body through the respiratory tract.
The Importance of Ventilation and Breathing for Broiler Breeders
While maintaining the proper temperature of the house, good ventilation is extremely important. The life activities of broilers are inseparable from oxygen. Adequate oxygen can promote the metabolism of chickens, maintain the health of chickens, and increase feed conversion.
Good ventilation can vent water vapor, ammonia, dust and excess heat to provide sufficient fresh air for the flock. Poor ventilation and high ammonia concentrations can cause serious damage to production.
In production, many bred households only pay attention to maintaining temperature while neglecting ventilation and ventilation in the early stage of brooding. In severe cases, it causes increased broiler ascites in the middle and later stages. Poor ventilation at 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks of age may increase the incidence of chronic respiratory disease and E. coli in chickens. In the mid and late broilers, the demand for oxygen for broilers increases greatly, and the amount of excreta increases. It is necessary to increase ventilation and ventilation on the basis of maintaining a suitable temperature. At this time, ventilation and ventilation are the main means to maintain the normal environment in homes.
Late management of broiler production should focus on ventilation. As the broiler gains weight in later stages, feed intake, and excretion increase, the carbon dioxide exhaled by the broiler, the body heat released, the excreted water, the ammonia produced by the accumulated chicken manure, and the plankton in the air Dust, etc., if not discharged immediately, the living environment in the home will be more and more deplorable. This will not only seriously affect the growth rate of broilers, but also increase the mortality rate of broilers. In the later period of broiler rearing, the body weight can grow by almost 100 grams per day, and the loss of one can cost about 20 yuan. Therefore, it is self-evident that strengthening the management of broiler chickens at the end of the period to improve economic efficiency.
Breeding errors in broiler breeding
Broilers keep households under the premise of insulation, and often have such misunderstandings that they do not dare to ventilate, especially at the age of 3 weeks, they fear that colds and colds of the chickens will catch cold and neglect the ventilation and ventilation. As a result, harmful gas in the chicken house is seriously exceeded. , A lot of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other harmful gases stimulate chicken respiratory epithelial cells. Causes damage to the mucous membranes of broilers. (The broiler respiratory epithelial cells are the first line of defense against viruses and bacteria invading the body, and they are also the host of mucosal immunity and play a crucial role in the entire disease prevention system). If damage is caused by inadequate ventilation and ventilation, that is, the door of the body's respiratory defense system is opened, bacteria and viruses will multiply in order to reproduce and transmit to the various organs through the circulation of blood, causing infectious diseases in the flock. In addition, because the respiratory epithelial cells are damaged, the vaccine encounters immunosuppression when the antibody titer is generated. Without good protection of the antibody titer, the body of the broiler also reduces the resistance to the virus disease.
Ventilation must master methods, to form a gas flow, harmful gases are generally lighter than air, are concentrated in the top of the house. Therefore, according to this feature, take a convection method for ventilation, that is, open the sides of the window to enter the fresh air, harmful gases from the ventilation outlet above the house, but to avoid the thief wind. To increase the temperature while ventilating, only to improve the environment of the chicken house can make the flock less susceptible to disease and cure. Good broiler feeding benefits = scientific disease prevention procedures + ventilation.
Common ventilation and ventilation methods for broiler houses
The purpose of ventilating and ventilating is to eliminate excess heat, moisture and harmful gases in the house, change air quality, and increase production efficiency. There are three main methods: negative pressure ventilation in closed houses (cold season), vertical ventilation (hot and hot season), and natural ventilation in open (or semi-open) houses.
Negative pressure ventilation
Negative pressure ventilation means that the fan is installed and started to generate negative pressure in the house, and the turbid air in the house is discharged outside the house. Therefore, the exhaust capacity of the exhaust fan, the type of air inlet, and the ventilation area are very important.
(1) In the cold season, the fan can be installed on one side of the house, and the air, carbon dioxide, dust, and ammonia in the house can be exhausted through a small amount of air exchange. At the same time, clean air with high oxygen content can be taken out. In cold weather, warm umbrellas and central heating systems can also be added to cooperate with the negative pressure ventilation system to create a suitable growth and development environment for chickens.
(2) Negative pressure ventilation systems should be exchanged at a rate of 0.011 cubic meters per minute to 0.017 cubic meters per minute per kilogram of chicken weight. Generally, there is a 28.3 cubic meter fan per 460 square meters of the house.
(3) When using the negative pressure ventilation system, the air enters the coop through the air inlet provided on the side wall of the coop, and the relationship between the size of the air inlet and the capacity of the air blower is coordinated so that suitable static pressure can be obtained. Generally, a fan with a diameter of 1 meter requires a total area of ​​1.4 square meters to 1.9 square meters.
Vertical ventilation
(1) Vertical ventilation means that an air inlet is provided at one end of the house, and a fan is installed at the other end. Air flows through the entire chicken house at a flow rate of 122 m/min, taking away excess heat and pollutants, and assisting in cooling by wind. Reduce the temperature of the house.
(2) Under dry climatic conditions, water evaporative cooling systems such as sprays and wet curtains can also be used in combination with vertical ventilation to make the environment of the house more comfortable.
(3) The number of fan units can be calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area of ​​the house by the required air speed of the house and dividing the fan's rated exhaust air volume.
natural ventilation
(1) When the outside temperature is lower than the required temperature by 5°C, the curtain on both sides of the wall should be opened for natural ventilation.
(2) The building should be east-west, minimizing the amount of sunshine during the day.
(3) The underside of the curtain on the side wall should be fixed firmly, and the upper right of the curtain should be opened. This can reduce the strong wind or the thief's wind blowing directly onto the bird.
(4) The curtains on both sides of the house should be opened as much as possible to allow the house to be ventilated horizontally. If the wind is large and the wind direction is uncertain, the curtains on both sides should be opened equally; if the wind direction always comes from one side, the wind curtain on the chicken house should be opened smaller than the downwind curtain to minimize the intrusion of thieves.
In short, getting a good amount of ventilation is a particularly complex issue in the entire chicken breeding process. During the summer season, it is not correct to spray and spray chicken house inside and outside as heatstroke prevention measures. The best way is to enhance ventilation, use air cooling and cooling; cold winter, often for excessive heat and excessive ventilation, resulting in condensation on the walls and roof, increased humidity in the chicken house, and contribute to the spread of the disease . Therefore, when choosing ventilation, reasonable adjustments must be made in conjunction with the temperature and humidity conditions inside and outside the house to achieve a satisfactory ventilation effect.
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