Zhejiang gray tree flowers, also known as Bayer Polyporus, chestnut mushrooms, cloud worms, etc., belong to the genus Polyporaceae. The fruiting body consists of multiple overlapping stipes and spoon-shaped, fan-shaped or tongue-like caps. The cap is 2-7 cm wide and gray to light brown. Fungus meat white, thick 1-3 mm; tube hole extension, nozzle polygon. Spores are colorless, oval to oval. The fruit body is soft, brittle, such as magnolia, taste like chicken, delicious taste, unique flavor, and rich nutrition. In recent years, as a high-level health food, Grifola frondosa has become popular in markets such as Japan and Singapore. It was determined that 100 grams of Grifola frondosa dry products contain 22.7 5 grams of protein, amino acids 23.5 8 grams, amino acid content is more than double than shiitake mushrooms, and rich in vitamin C, B1, B2 and organic selenium. According to expert evaluation, Grifola frondosa has anti-cancer, anti-cancer, anti-aging, promotion of gonad function, prevention and treatment of diabetes, inhibition of obesity, bi-directional regulation of blood pressure, treatment of arteriosclerosis and cerebral thrombosis, oral beauty and nourish the skin, delay the appearance of age spots , Increase appetite, improve immunity, enhance memory and other health care functions. Therefore, there is a good name for the “prince of edible fungi†and it is a high-grade edible fungus with great development potential. China's Changbai Mountain, Hebei, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui and other places are distributed, and began to acclimate artificially in the early 1980s. In recent years, domestic research institutes have carried out research on the cultivation technology and product development of Grifola frondosa, which has greatly increased the yield and added value of Grifola frondosa, and many regions have begun to organize large-scale production. As a high-grade and rare species cultivated artificially, Grifola frondosa has a higher market position in the international market. Generally, the price per kilogram is about RMB 50. At present, there is less room for decline; in some mountainous regions rich in carmine plants Or in the hilly areas, the material resources and labor resources can be fully utilized, and on the basis of training, learning, and mastering technology, vigorously develop the production of ashtree flowers. Biological characteristics (I) Ecology and growth habits Gypsophila is a woody rot fungus that is moderate in temperature, aerobic, and joyful. It occurs in summer, autumn and autumn in eucalyptus, chestnut, eucalyptus, and glaucopsis cucurbitae and broad-leaved trees. On the stumps or roots, the heartwood is white and decaying. The xylem becomes the main source of nutrients for ash tree flowers. More than 800 meters above sea level, the annual precipitation of 200 millimeters, the gray tree flowers occur better. Grifola frondosa forms sclerotia in unpleasant environments. The sclerotia are irregular in shape, long and lumpy, with uneven surface, brown and hard surfaces. The appearance of the cross-section is 4-5 mm brown, semi-lignified, and white inside. The fruiting body grows from the top of the sclerotia of the year. (B) growth and development conditions 1, nutrient carbon source to the best glucose, artificial cultivation can be widely used in wood chips, cottonseed hull, bagasse, straw, bean stalk, corn cob as carbon source. The nitrogen source grows with the most suitable mycelium of organic nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen can hardly be used. In production, corn powder, bran, soybean meal, etc. are often added to increase the nitrogen source. Vitamin B1 is an essential nutrient for normal growth and development of fruit bodies. 2. The temperature of Grifola frondosa mycelium grows in a wide temperature range and can be grown in the range of 5-37°C. The optimum temperature is 21-27°C, the lethal temperature is 42°C, and the mycelium has a high temperature-resistance capability. It can also grow slowly at °C. The temperature range for the growth and development of fruit bodies is 10-27°C, and the optimum temperature is 15-20°C. In the optimum temperature range, the lower temperature fruit bodies grow relatively slowly, the flesh is thick, the color is dark, and the temperature is higher, the fruit body grows significantly faster, but the cover is thin, loose and pale. 3, moisture culture material moisture content of about 60% is appropriate, the water content is too low, mushroom is not neat, excessive secretion of yellow mycelium more mycelium, affect fruiting body occurred. During the growth phase of mycelium, the relative humidity of the air is generally controlled at 60%-65%, more than 70%, and the bag tampon is easy to attract the contamination of the bacteria. The relative humidity of the fruiting body during the growth phase is 85%-95%. Below 80%, the fruiting body is easy to lose water and dead, especially the young stage is more sensitive to the air humidity, more than 95%, often due to poor ventilation. The rot of the mushroom body. 4. Air ash tree flowers are one of the most aerobic edible fungi. The culturing room should be ventilated for 3 to 6 times a day, and there must be a certain number of convection windows. The growth stage of fruiting bodies regulates the contradiction between ventilation and moisturizing. It is the key to the cultivation and management of Grifola frondosa. 5, light does not require light during the growth phase of the mycelium, the primordium needs to be stimulated by diffuse light, and the light of 200-500 lux during the growth phase of the fruit body is conducive to deepening the color of the cap and reducing the occurrence of malformed mushrooms. 6. Acidity and alkalinity Grifola frondosa is suitable for growth in slightly acidic environment. Hyphal pH can be grown in the range of 3.5-7.5. The best pH is 4.8-8.5. The fruiting body growth stage is preferably pH 4.0. When the culture material is prepared, the pH is adjusted to 5.5-6.5, and it decreases with the extension of culture time, which is favorable for the occurrence and growth of fruiting bodies. Cultivation techniques The optimum temperature for the formation and growth of Grifola frondosa fruit bodies is 15-20 °C. The growth cycle of Grifola frondosa mycelia is relatively long and generally takes 50-65 days. Therefore, the bagging time should be two times earlier than the optimum fruiting time. Around the month, the South will make bags in August and produce fruit during the year. The winter will allow mushrooms to grow again when the temperature is suitable for the next year. Spring planting in the north should be delayed and the autumn season should be appropriately advanced. (1) Cultivation materials and their composition The ash tree flower is also known as "Lemon Mushroom" in the north, and chestnut sawdust is the best raw material. Production of Fagaceae species wood chips are more suitable to adapt, such as paralysis, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, bitter buckwheat, rice bran, Mongolian oak, etc., other broad-leaved wood shavings and a small amount of coniferous wood shavings can also be used. In addition to sawdust, crop by-products such as cottonseed hulls, bagasse, bean stalks, rice straw, and other fiber-rich raw materials can be used for cultivation, but a variety of raw materials is preferred. The auxiliary materials used to cultivate ash tree flowers are mainly corn flour, bran, rice bran, gypsum powder and woodland humus. After the experiment, adding edible mushroom smash stalks and their wastes is conducive to mycelial growth and increase yield. Formulation 1: 78% of wood chips, 20% of bran, 1% of superphosphate, 1% of gypsum powder; Formula 2: 60% of wood chips, 20% of waste bacteria, 5 % of bran, 5% of corn flour, and woodland rot Soil reclamation 10%; Formulation 3: 70% of wood chips, 14% of bran, 2% of bean cake powder, 14% of humus; Formulation 4: 64% of straw (cut or coarse powder), 20% of humus, bran 10% of the skin, corn flour 5%, gypsum powder 1%; Formulation 5: straw (cut short or coarse powder) 86%, corn powder 12%, gypsum powder 1%, humus 1%. The above commonly used cultivation materials formula water content of 60% -64%, pH 5.5-6.5, if the pH is high, you can add superphosphate adjustment. (2) Pouch planting 1. Mixing and sterilizing Select any one of the aforementioned culture materials, add water and mix well (cotton seed hulls, rice straw and grass need pre-wetting), moisture content is 60%, pH value is adjusted to about 6. Into 17330.05 cm low-pressure polyethylene bags, layered compaction, until about 10 cm near the bag flattening material surface, the central hole to close to the bottom of the bag, bag mouth plug without cotton cover. Place into an atmospheric pressure sterilizer, hold at 100°C for 10 hours, and sterilize overnight. 2. Under inoculation and culture, under sterile conditions, each bag will be inoculated into the cultivating species to inoculate the shovel so that the bacteria species are covered with the material surface and the central hole. Emissions are made upright on a shelf in a culture chamber, with a temperature control of 25°C and an indoor relative humidity of 70% or more. After about 40 days of culture, the material surface is formed into bacteria, and the raised primordium gradually appears. At this time, the indoor diffuse light should be increased and the bacterial bag should be opened to receive light stimulation. About half a month later, the primordium grew and the surface was wrinkled and secreted with yellowish water droplets. 3, fruiting management 1 direct bagging mushroom. Select the bacteria bag that grew up and has more water droplets, and use a knife to make a “10†or “V†cut bag-breaking film on the bag shoulders on both sides of the bag mouth without cotton cover, and discharge the shelf in the chamber. On the increase of diffuse light brightness, temperature control around 20 °C, indoor relative humidity increased to 90% -95%, do a good mist spray, while strengthening the ventilation, the indoor air is always fresh. The key to management is moisture retention and ventilation. After about half a month management, the fruit body gradually grew up, from the brain to the coral shape with young flowering patches and imbricate overlap, grow out from the incision, the longer the conditions are, the longer the cover color is from the darker to the lighter. , Bacterial cover under the white sub-solid layer gradually developed fungal pores, upturned flat cover that gradually shows that the fruiting body has matured. It takes about 15-20 days for the primordium to be harvested. It can also be cultivated in outdoor arbours or in mushroom sheds. Bedding can be made in sheds. It is thoroughly sterilized and disinfected beforehand. Then, it is cut along the mouth of the bacterium bags and discharged on the mattress, and the shed is covered with a film to moisturize the shed. The film is not sealed, the film should be uncovered when spraying water, and the light control within the shed is seven points of yin and three points of yang. Temperature, humidity and gas requirements are the same as above. 2 cover the mushroom. Fungi bed selection system. The cultivation beds need to be selected in indoor or outdoor areas that are well-lit, fresh air, and well-ventilated. They can be cultivated on ground beds, and can also be used as shelf-type beds. In order to increase the permeability of the bacteria bed, the distance between the beds is increased to 0.81.0 meters, and each frame is suitable for three layers. Outdoor high-shelf shelves need to be provided with shade sheds and covered with shade nets and other covering materials. Drainage trenches are opened around the sheds. After selection, the bacteria bed must be completely cleaned and replaced with insecticidal and fungicidal sprays to kill pests and germs. Open the bag to discharge. After two months of culture, the bag of bacteria, when the surface of the coral-like primordial raised, and a large number of pale yellow beads, remove the bag mouth without cotton cover or ring tampon, cut along the material surface bag film, Then use a knife to cut 2-3 lengths of about 10 centimeters around the wall of the bag to break the membrane. The bottom of the bag is also cut to a tangent length of 2 to 4 centimeters to facilitate ventilation and adjust the humidity inside the bag. A 2 cm thick layer of fine sand or highly permeable sand is first applied to the cultivation bed. Then the cut bacterium bag is neatly discharged on the bed (畦), the bag spacing is about 2 cm, the bag mouth material surface is required to be on the same plane, and the water content of the bag gap is filled to about 20% after the insecticidal and sterilizing treatment. Loam. Covered with water. After the filling of the bags, the sterilized soil or humus (about 0.5 cm in diameter) will be placed on the surface of the bed with a thickness of about 2 cm to cover the original base. Then spray water with a sprayer, requiring a small number of times, within 1-2 days to adjust the moisture content of the soil into the hand-pinch soil and not sticky to the degree. Finally, a layer of wet rice straw or chaff with a thickness of 1 cm thick and cut into 2 cm long was moistened. 3 fruiting management. Room (shed) temperature control around 20 °C, see the soil surface watering white, relative humidity to maintain 90% -95%, increase the diffuse light, about 10-15 days of the earth to form a young fruiting body, cap overlap Growth, at this time should be more humid spray to the air, bogey water to the young fruiting body, while strengthening the ventilation, when the bacteria grow about 8 minutes can be harvested. In addition to the above method of covering soil, bags and soil can also be used to cover the soil. After the cotton-free cover is removed, a 4 cm-bag film is removed from the surface of the material and the soil is covered on the surface of the mouth of the bag, and then discharged into the bed (畦), control temperature, humidity, gas, light and so on. (3) Cultivation of branches and branches 1. Selection of materials is selected from the branches of branches of the family of Fagaceae or broad-leafed branches such as mulberry branches, street trees and fruit trees, and cut into 15 cm long sections. Soaking in water for 15-20 hours will make the shoots contain about 70% moisture. 2, bagging using 15260.0 05 cm corner polypropylene or low pressure polyethylene bags. Combine the branches near the ends with a plastic rope to form a branch with a diameter of about 9.5 cm. Place a 1 cm thick wet cultivation material on the bottom of the bag. Gently put the sticks into the branches. Fill the gaps between the branches with a cultivating material. , Sleeve without cotton cover. 3, sterilization, inoculation, culture 100 °C for 10 hours normal pressure sterilization. After cooling, under aseptic conditions, inoculated shovel cultivars were inserted into each bag. Cultured at about 25°C. 4. After burying the bag and covering the soil for 2-3 months, remove the no-cotton cap when the coral-like primordium formation and pale yellow waterdrops occur. Cut the bag membrane along the upper end of the bundle. Cut 2-3 slits, cut 2 slits at the bottom of the bag, bury 20 cm in depth and 15 cm in width. Bottom pad is 2 cm loose on humus soil or sand, pocket spacing is 4 cm, bag Fill the wet humus until it is flush with the branches. Then about 2 cm thick soil or garden soil covering about 0.5 cm in diameter, playing circulating water, so that the soil moisture content of about 60%. Finally cover a 1 cm thick wet chaff. 5. Put a shed on the scaffolding management and cultivation site and cover the membrane on the trampoline. The mushrooming management method is the same as the soil-covering cultivation method described above. Branch cultivation can generally be harvested within 2-3 years. Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies are harvested and matured from primordia to 7-8, generally taking 15-20 days. The main signs of harvesting are: no white growth rings on the outer edge of the cap, the edges are thin, the caps are flat, the color is light gray or gray white, the microbe layer is visible on the back of the stipe and cap, but 1 cm away from the edge of the cap. There are no fungal pores at the site and the fruiting bodies are harvested when they are young. Grifola frondosa cap is very crisp, improper operation is easy to break or cap broken, so when harvesting should first hand into the fruiting body base, holding the mushroom body, gently upward after pulling up, action To be stable. If the soil is covered with soil, the dirt or impurities on the base must be removed with a knife, or it can be stored in a cold store at 2-4°C. It will not change color or taste during 20 days.
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