I. Why cold storage can grow edible mushrooms
1, because the dark cold light. The temperature change is small, the humidity is easy to grasp, and it is suitable for the biological characteristics of edible fungi. The growth and development of edible fungi does not require light. The mycelium must be under dark conditions to grow a healthy mycelium, and strong light can inhibit the growth of mycelium.
2, fruiting body growth and development stage, the need for scattered light or weak light, the growth of fruiting body color white, fleshy hypertrophy, high quality, light is too bright will make the stipe elongation, bacteria cap is too large, skewed, or deformed, Severe open parachute, quality decline. Therefore, the use of dark planted edible mushrooms in the cold storage meets the growth characteristics of edible fungi.
3, the growth of edible fungi, most require constant temperature management, if the temperature change is too large, it will cause the stipe too long, too short or too small or too large cap, affecting the quality of edible fungi and reduce production and reduce economic efficiency. However, under the natural conditions in cold storage, the temperature does not change much and it is suitable for the physiological requirements of edible fungi.
Therefore, planting edible fungi in the cold storage can be planted in the off-season. Compared with the general greenhouse and greenhouse cultivation, it can be planted one month ahead of schedule in autumn and winter, and can be planted one month later in spring and summer. Why is this? Because in the Shijiazhuang area, the summer temperature is as high as 40 degrees or more, and the mycelial temperature is 20 to 26 degrees. It is easy to plant the edible fungus. Inoculation of the cultivation bag or sowing is generally started in early September. In the cold storage, it can be planted in the middle and early August, or sowing, 20 days in advance --- 30 days, the market time can be early in early October or so, this season the market is the off season of edible fungi, the price is high, invisible In the increase of the economic benefits of edible fungi. In spring and summer, the temperature in Shijiazhuang area varies greatly. From April to May, the maximum temperature can reach 33-34 degrees and the minimum temperature can reach 12-13 degrees. The larger temperature difference is the main reason for the failure of mushroom production. Therefore, edible fungus growing in greenhouses, large, medium, and small sheds must be harvested well in mid-April, while cold-storage cultivation, due to the thicker walls of the cold storage, the temperature inside the warehouse changes slowly, and the temperature is maintained at about 15 degrees. The mushrooms suitable for edible mushrooms can extend the period from May to June. The edible mushroom market is off-season in this season, and the value is higher, which can improve economic efficiency.
Through the past few years, many kinds of mushroom species such as Coprinus comatus, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii have been cultivated in the cold storage. Today, I mainly talk about cold cultivation of high-yielding cultivation technology of Coprinus comatus.
Second, cold storage cultivation of Coprinus comatus high-yield cultivation techniques.
1. Nutritional value Coprinus comatus is rich in nutrients, tastes delicious, tastes like chicken, and is a kind of edible mushroom with good color, smell and taste. It was analyzed that each 100 grams of dried mushrooms contained 25.4 grams of crude protein, 3.3 grams of fat, 58.8 grams of total sugar (including 51.5 grams of nitrogen-free carbohydrates), 7.3 grams of fiber, 12.5 grams of ash, and 1456 kilojoules of heat energy. The protein contains 20 kinds of amino acids, of which 8 essential amino acids are all available. The amino acids in the cap are mainly aspartic acid, asparagine, and glutamic acid; the amino acids in the stipe are glutamine, glycine, threonine, ornithine, valine, isoleucine and Lysine dominates.
Coprinus comatus is also a medicinal bacterium. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that their sexuality is flat and sweet and beneficial to the spleen and stomach, refreshing God, helping digestion, increasing appetite, and treating acne. Its extract tests showed similar resistance to shiitake mushrooms. According to the record, the inhibitory rate of hot-water extracts of Coprinus comatus against Alzheimer's carcinoma and sarcoma 180 in mice was 90% and 100%, respectively. According to reports from foreign sources, the mycelia and fruit bodies of Coprinus comatus contain effective components for the treatment of diabetes. The mice were fed with 2 g of Coprinus comatus per kilogram of body weight. After 1.5 hours, the blood glucose concentration was significantly reduced, showing coprinus comatus. Diabetes patients have a significant effect.
2. It can widely use a variety of crop straws and waste to cultivate Coprinus comatus.
Coprinus comatus adaptable, can use a variety of raw materials for cultivation, its sources of cultivation materials are also abundant, the vast majority of agricultural and sideline products such as straw, wheat straw, soybean straw, corn stover, corn cob, peanut meal, peanut shell, cottonseed Peel and pear trees, apple wood chips, etc., can be used to cultivate Coprinus comatus. In the city, more than 4 million mu of wheat are planted every year, and more than 400 mu of corn is produced. The production of wheat and corn straw is 3,200,000 kilograms. For every 100 square meters of Coprinus comatus planted, 2000 kg of straw is needed, and more than 16 million square meters of Coprinus comatus can be grown. Coprinus comatus cultivation has a wide range of sources of cultivation materials, simple cultivation methods, low cost, short growth cycle, and high yield. Good economic benefits and other characteristics. Coprinus comatus in addition to fresh food, can also be made of salt products, canned products or canned food, etc., the consumer market is more and more broad, is a rookie in China's edible fungi industry, has a broad future.
3, cultivation seasonality. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of coprinus comatus is 24-26 degrees, and the temperature for fruit body formation is 12-18 degrees. Currently planted only in the cold storage, in the spring from January to June, autumn and winter can be planted in the 8-12 months, basically achieve annual planting.
4, Coprinus cultivation techniques. Coprinus comatus can be cultivated with raw material, fermentation material and clinker. After the first fermentation, the clinker cultivation effect is better. Raw material cultivation, easy to grasp, but the pollution rate is high, rarely used in production; clinker cultivation success rate, high quality and high yield, but the need for certain technology and equipment, investment and teaching; fermentation material cultivation technology is simple, high success rate. It is easy to popularize and use the cultivation methods used in production. If the clinker is cultivated after fermentation, the biological conversion rate can be increased by more than 20% compared with a single method. The specific cultivation process is as follows: (1) Preparation of clinker cultivation raw materials → Mixing → Bagging sterilization → Inoculation → Sporulation → Cover soil → Mushroom management → Picking mushrooms → Processing. (2) Fermentation cultivation → Raw material preparation → Mixing → Batch fermentation → Bagging or seeding → Sterilization → Inoculation → Fermentation → Cover soil → Mushroom management → Picking mushrooms → Processing.
5, Coprinus comatus cultivation material formula: The following formula moisture content is controlled at 65%.
(1) Cottonseed 100kg, phosphate fertilizer 2kg, urea 1kg, lime 2kg, gypsum 2kg. Clinker cultivation.
(2) Corn cob 80 kg, wheat bran 15 kg, horse dung (dry, broken) 20 kg, urine 1 kg, phosphate fertilizer 2 kg, lime 2 kg, gypsum 2 kg.
(3) Rice (cut or crush) 40kg, corn stick powder 40kg, horse dung (dry, broken) 20kg, urine 1kg, phosphate fertilizer 2kg, lime 3kg, gypsum 2kg.
(4) 80kg of rice straw, 5kg of rice bran, 10kg of vegetable cake powder, 2kg of superphosphate, 1kg of urea, and 2kg of gypsum.
(5) Flammulina velutipes spent medium (bacterin) 80kg, equine feces 20kg, urea 1kg, phosphate fertilizer 2kg, lime 2kg, gypsum 2kg.
(6) Muxiao 53 kg, wheat bran 20 kg, cattle and horse manure 20kg, urea 1kg, phosphate fertilizer 2kg, lime 2kg, plaster 2kg.
6, cultivation and management.
(1) Method of Fermenting Material Mix the culture materials thoroughly. The stacking material is 1 meter high, 1 meter wide, and drilled all around. After the whole thing is covered with a plastic film, the temperature is raised to 70 degrees and maintained for 4 days. Reach an additional 70 degrees for 3 days, turn it over, temperature of 70 degrees, hold for 2 days, turn it over, temperature up to 70 degrees, hold for 1 day, turn it over, unwind.
(2) Loading method Put the fermented material into a plastic bag with a diameter of 25 cm, a length of 45 cm, three layers of material, and four layers. After about 30 days, the mycelium is covered with a bacterial bag, and then the bag is taken out. Cover soil, soil moisture content of 65%, in order to knead into a group, touch the energy can be scattered easily, after the cover soil should also catch a small shed on the bed to keep moist, when the temperature inside the shed is higher than 30 degrees, to be opened Both sides of the arch shelter were cooled and ventilated. When the temperature was low at night and 20 degrees, the two ends of the film were still covered. After 3 to 4 days, the hyphae began to eat. After 15 to 20 days, some hyphae appeared on the material surface. At this time, the soil was covered with 2 to 3 centimeters of coarse soil. After the first soiling, about 10 days, the hyphae grew. After the material surface, cover the second soil. (The mud is best to use 30% carbon ash, 30% sun dried hammered mud in the pond ditch, 40% of the vegetable garden mixed, or raw soil below 10 cm, add 2-3% of sound lime, spray 500 times dichlorvos and 200 times the formaldehyde solution was stuffed for 4 days and then lime was used to adjust the ph value 7-8 to the neutral alkali.) A small amount of water was sprayed after covering the soil, and the relative humidity in the cold room was controlled at 90%, after 10-15 days, Soil can form a large number of mycelium, and then spread a layer of dry fine soil, waiting for the formation of mushroom buds.
3. Hairline management (1) Temperature management. Coprinus comatus is suitable for moderate temperature germs, the temperature is 20-26 degrees. (2) humidity management. Relative humidity is controlled at about 70%. (3) ventilation. Usually ventilation 1-2 times a day. The time depends on the temperature. When the temperature is high, it will be many times. When the temperature is low, it will be less. (4) Illumination time. The hair stage should be kept dark or low light, strong light inhibit the growth of mycelium.
4, management of fruiting period (1) temperature management. Coprinus comatus temperature should be reduced to 15-18 degrees (2) in the humidity management. Relative humidity in the room is controlled at about 90%. (3) ventilation. Ventilation should be increased. The time depends on the temperature. When the temperature is high, multiple passes, and when the temperature is low, it will be less. (4) Illumination time. The hairline needs a proper amount of weak light, and the light inhibits the growth of mycelium and young mushrooms. (5) After the mushroom bed finishing. The coprinus cotyledon fruiting body has a rapid maturation rate. After 7-8 days of mushroom bud emergence, the fungus ring has just loosened, and when the anti-crimping hair on the bell-shaped mushroom cap emerges, it must be harvested in time. After picking mushrooms, we must arrange the bed in time.
5, timely treatment of pests and diseases.
(1) Diseases and prevention methods. C. edodes is a devastating disease in the cultivation of Coprinus comatus. Control methods: First, easy to cultivate raw materials. The second is to use formaldehyde for sterilization when covering the soil. Third, soil moisture content can not be less than 70%. The fourth is to arrange the bed in time after picking mushrooms. Remove the mushrooms and dead mushrooms, and spray the carbendazim solution after irrigating the water.
(2) Insect pests and control methods. Mushrooms, mushroom mosquitoes, aphids, and mice are the four major pests of Coprinus comatus. Prevention and control methods should follow the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control" and take the following measures: First, to ensure the cleanliness inside and outside the greenhouse, indoor use potassium permanganate and formaldehyde for disinfection. The second is to sprinkle lime powder frequently inside and outside the greenhouse. The third is to install insect nets in the doors and windows of the sheds. The fourth is to release rat poison in time.
VII.Economic Benefit Analysis Each 15-square meter bag can be put in 15-16 bags, 1.8--2 kilograms per bag, about 25 kilograms of food, 25 kilograms of fresh mushrooms per square meter, and 5 yuan per kilogram of fresh mushrooms. The output value per square meter is about 125 yuan, after deducting the cost (2 kg per bag), 40 yuan, net income is 95 yuan or so, each cold storage is calculated at 500 square meters, and the output value is 47,000 yuan, after deducting the cost of 20,000 yuan, The net income is 27,000 yuan. Eight. Ten problems that should be noticed when planting Coprinus comatus in cold storage. (1) Ventilation openings should be reasonable. There are air inlets, there are air outlets, and ventilation can not leave dead ends. (2) Three-dimensional cultivation. The bed should not be too low between the bed, the height should be more than 1 meter, and the number of layers should not be too much. It is easy to use 2-3 layers. (3) The density of bacteria bags should not be too large and affect the flow of oxygen. (4) The concentration of carbon dioxide is not too high. (5) The library must ensure proper temperature. (6) The humidity should not be too large. (7) Pay attention to hygiene and sterilize thoroughly (operators, inside and outside the cold room). (8) Scattering light or weak light is required for the fruiting period. (9) The mushrooming room and the preservation room should be separated and cannot be carried out in one room. (10) Non-workers are prohibited from entering the cold storage.
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