Soybeans are a fast-growing crop with a short growth cycle, making them highly marketable and beneficial for soil fertility. To help farmers achieve higher yields, several key cultivation techniques have been developed for spring soybean production.
First, seed treatment is essential to improve germination rates. Seeds should be selected for their fullness and dried to enhance their growth potential. Before sowing, treat the seeds with 0.1% to 0.2% ammonium molybdate or rhizobia (0.5 kg of bacteria mixed with 10 kg of seeds). This treatment promotes early and abundant nodule formation, leading to faster growth, more branches, higher seed set, and an overall yield increase of 15% to 25%.
Second, proper soil preparation and adequate base fertilizer are crucial. Plow deeply to a depth of 20 to 25 cm, and ensure the soil is well-crushed, especially on raised beds that are 1.2 meters wide in paddy fields. On dry slopes, the width can be increased to prevent waterlogging. At the early stage, particularly during the three-leaf phase, soybeans require more phosphorus and potassium. Apply 1,500 kg of compost, 600 kg of fire ash or plant ash, 10 kg of phosphate fertilizer, and 20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. Mix thoroughly and make the base fertilizer before planting. The row spacing should be 16 to 48 cm, with 12 to 14 cm between plants. Sow 1 to 2 seeds per hole, resulting in approximately 28,800 to 30,000 plants per acre.
Third, using high-quality autumn seed ensures better seedling establishment. Spring planting often faces cold and rainy weather, which can damage seeds and reduce stand density. Using seeds with high germination rates, strong growth potential, and good cold resistance is vital for stable and high yields. Recommended varieties for paddy fields include Yuedong No.1 and Yuedou No.2, while early yellow, big yellow yellow, and Guangdong No.1 are ideal for red soil hills. These improved varieties are compact, drought-tolerant, and frost-resistant. The best time to sow is when temperatures reach around 10°C, which helps promote more branches and ultimately leads to higher yields.
Fourth, early weeding and fertilization help promote flowering and prevent lodging. Soybeans grow slowly at first and are prone to weeds. When seedlings reach 15 to 20 cm in height, perform weeding and cultivation to encourage rhizobial development and prevent lodging. Applying 60 kg of lime powder per mu during this period can improve pest resistance, reduce lodging, and increase grain weight.
At the beginning of the branching stage, apply 5 kg of urea and 7 kg of potassium chloride per mu, combined with the second weeding, to enhance the effective branch rate. During the canopy closure stage, spray 0.7 grams of paclobutrazol in 25 kg of water to promote dwarfing and increase the number of nodes per plant. During the flowering stage, spray plant phytoalexin and potassium dihydrogen phosphate twice to increase the seed-setting rate by over 20%.
Fifth, applying foliar sprays and topping the heart can further boost productivity. At the flowering stage, spray 4 to 5 grams of sodium sulfite in 50 kg of water once a week, up to two or three times, to enhance photosynthesis and increase yield by 8% to 10%. Topping the top heart 20 days before harvest can also increase the seed-setting rate by 8% to 10%.
Finally, managing pests and diseases is essential for healthy growth. Early-stage pests like locusts and ground beetles, as well as mid-season issues such as bean pod borers, ladybugs, and leaf spot disease, can damage young leaves and pods. Timely application of appropriate pesticides is necessary to protect the crop and ensure a successful harvest.
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