Soybeans are a fast-growing crop with strong market demand and excellent yield potential. Additionally, they contribute to soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. To help farmers achieve high yields, several key cultivation techniques for spring soybeans have been developed and shared.
First, seed treatment is essential to improve germination rates. Seeds should be selected for fullness and dried to enhance their growth potential. Before sowing, treat the seeds with 0.1% to 0.2% ammonium molybdate or mix them with rhizobia (0.5 kg of bacteria per 10 kg of seeds). Studies show that treated seeds develop more nodules earlier, grow faster, branch out sooner, and produce higher seed set, ultimately increasing yield by 15% to 25%.
Second, proper soil preparation and adequate base fertilizer are crucial. Plow deeply to 20–25 cm and break up the soil thoroughly, especially on ridges in paddy fields, which should be about 1.2 meters wide to avoid waterlogging. During the early growth stages, particularly at the three-leaf stage, soybeans require more potassium and phosphorus. Apply 1,500 kg of compost, 600 kg of fire ash or plant ash, 10 kg of phosphate fertilizer, and 20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. Mix well and make sure the base fertilizer is evenly distributed before planting. The recommended row spacing is 16–48 cm, with a plant spacing of 12–14 cm. Plant 1–2 seeds per hole, aiming for 28,800 to 30,000 plants per acre.
Third, using quality autumn-seedlings ensures better seedling establishment. Spring planting often faces cold and rainy weather, leading to poor germination and weak seedlings. Using high-quality seeds with good germination, strong growth potential, and early maturity is key to stable production and high yields. Suitable varieties for paddy fields include Yuedong No.1 and Yuedou No.2, while early yellow, big yellow yellow, and Guangdong No.1 are ideal for red soil hills. These improved varieties are compact, short, drought-tolerant, and frost-resistant. Soybeans perform best when sown at around 10°C, typically during the spring rain period, as this promotes more branching and higher yields.
Fourth, early weeding and timely fertilization help promote flowering and prevent lodging. Soybean seedlings grow slowly and are prone to weeds. When the plants reach 15–20 cm in height, perform weeding and cultivate the soil to stimulate rhizobia development and reduce lodging risk. At this stage, apply 60–60 kg of lime powder per mu to improve pest resistance, reduce lodging, and increase grain weight.
During the early branching stage, apply 5 kg of urea and 7 kg of potassium chloride per mu, combined with the second weeding to boost effective pod formation. At the time of canopy closure, spray 0.7 g of paclobutrazol in 25 kg of water per mu to promote dwarfing and increase the number of nodes per plant. During flowering, spray plant phytoalexin and 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate twice to increase seed setting by over 20%.
Fifth, applying sodium sulfite and topping the heart can enhance yield. Spray 4–5 g of sodium sulfite in 50 kg of water once a week, up to two or three times, to increase photosynthesis efficiency, reduce energy loss, and boost dry matter accumulation by 8–10%. Topping the growing tip 20 days before harvest can also increase seed-setting by 8–10%.
Finally, pest and disease control is vital for healthy crops. In the early stages, protect against locusts, ground beetles, and caterpillars. Mid-season, watch out for bean pod borers, ladybugs, and leaf spot diseases, which damage young leaves and pods. Use appropriate pesticides promptly to minimize damage and ensure a successful harvest.
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