I. Grasp the sowing time of the seed sowing time, to determine the factors after all aspects of integration. One is the harvest time of the last crop; the second is whether the water can be put into the field in time; the third is to consider the number of rice transplanters. For a rice transplanter, an area of ​​about 80 mu for a nursery is appropriate, and the daily workload is estimated at 15 mu.
General principles: Ning Tian et al.
Soaking time calculation method: the crop maturity time + harvest time + tillage time + soil sedimentation time. The sum of the four times is pushed forward for 16 days as the soaking time.
Taking rapeseed as an example: rapeseed maturation period is generally in mid-May. Due to differences in land, water and fertilizer, and different fields, there are specific problems for each farmer. If a farmer's rapeseed matures on May 8, the harvest time is 3 days, the tillage time is 3 days, the sedimentation time is 3 days, the transplanting time can be basically set on May 17 and the soaking time is pushed forward for 16 days. It can be soaked on May 2nd. Even if other unforeseeable problems such as rainy weather, poor tillage, etc. occur during harvest, there is a buffer time of 4 to 6 days.
Second, drug soaking with Shi Bao Ke, soaking seed soaked with drugs can effectively prevent bachelor disease. Attention should be paid to three points when soaking drugs: First, the soaking, drug, and watering ratios must be strictly followed according to the instructions for use and the instructions of agricultural technicians. The second is to ensure that the seed soaking time (usually in 24 hours. Seeds exposed chest exposed 80%, you can plate). Third, the seed must be cleaned with water after soaking.
Third, bed soil selection matters needing attention
1. The bed soil is selected from garden soil, tillage soil that is ripened by farming, and paddy field soil that is cultivated in autumn and winter; agricultural land should not be taken out of wasteland and herbicide sprayed in the season; the amount of transplanted field soil per acre is sufficient. 80 kg.
2, bed soil fertilization bed soil acidity to slightly acidic or neutral is appropriate to disable the ash. After screened fine soil, add 0.3-0.4 ounces of strong tanning agent per acre to transplant the field, and mix and concentrate on the heap. When the heap is boring, the fine soil moisture content is moderate, and the empirical method is to squeeze into a group, landing is scattered, and covered with agricultural film to promote the full maturity of fertilizer and soil, stacking time 10-15 days. It is also possible to apply 40 tons of livestock manure, 25% of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizer to 60-70 kilograms per acre in the field in the spring, and plowing 2-3 times after planting (10 tons is appropriate for the plowing depth). Then they were piled on sunny days and covered with agricultural film to keep warm. Stacking time is not less than 15-20 days, soil moisture content is the same as above.
3. Disinfection of bed soils Each muslim bed is sterilized with a 1000-fold solution of enemy cough 600 kg (or other drugs that prevent blight). Disinfection of the bed soil was carried out with 3-3.5 kg of Dixon 1000-fold liquid (or other drugs for preventing blight) in bed soil fertilization.
Fourth, the production of precautions
1, 秧畦 should be flat, light, solid, straight.
2. It should be convenient for irrigation and drainage.
3. Keep enough moisture before hanging on the plate.
4. The width of cerium is 1.4 meters and the length is determined according to the needs of childbirth.
5. The determination of the number of transplanted fields for transplanting acres of rice is generally 2-3 seeds per square centimeter. Take a variety of 1.5 kg and a grain weight of 26 grams as an example: The area of ​​a floppy disk is 1,624 square centimeters, 2 seeds per square centimeter, the number of seeds per plate is 3,248, the weight of each seed is 84.4 grams, 1.5 kilograms of seeds 18 floppy disks are required; 3 seeds are sown, 4872 seeds per plate, weighing 126.7 grams, and 12 floppy disks for 1.5 kilograms. According to the above calculations, in the case of a certain amount of mu for use, combined with 1000-grain seed weight, it is recommended to use 16-18 floppy disks per acre for field transplanting.
Sixth, note that the plate sowing.
1. When placing the floppy disk, the floppy disk should be closely attached to the stencil, and the disk and disk should be affixed to ensure that the floppy disk width does not exceed 28 cm and the length does not exceed 58 cm.
2. The thickness of the disc soil on the upper plate must not be greater than 2 cm and not less than 1.8 cm.
3, before sowing, disc soil should be poured enough water, the water should use river water, ditch water, pond water, as far as possible without well water.
4, when sowing, should ensure that the seeds spread evenly, the floppy disk around the seeds to be broadcast in place. After sowing, evenly cover with a layer of fine soil so that it is suitable to see the seeds. After the cover soil is no longer watering, so as not to unevenly flush the seeds, topsoil compaction, affecting emergence.
5, when the film is covered, it is necessary to maintain a certain height to avoid contact between the film and the disk, so as not to affect the emergence.
Seven, seedling management considerations
1, to prevent high-temperature seedlings by germination of rice seedlings, after sowing by a period of high temperature and high humidity seedling period to ensure that the emergence of neat. After the buds have emerged from the soil surface, in order to prevent the temperature from being too high (the temperature in the shed exceeds 30° C. or higher), at noon on sunny days, it may be possible to use the two sheds for ventilation or cover the straw to cool the shed.
2, the time to regulate seedlings filming time should not be too long, when the seedlings are green, incomplete leaves to the first leaf out (3-5 days after sowing), the minimum temperature stable at 15 °C above the film can be uncovered. If the temperature is not stable and it is below 15°C, take the cover on the night and manage it. When the film is removed, it should be promptly sprayed with water. Unmasking principle: from partial to all until the end. It was revealed on a sunny evening, uncovered on cloudy mornings, uncovered before rain, rain, rain, rain, rain and rain, and the low temperature of cold currents was postponed to expose, and it was unveiled on a daily basis to keep the discs moist.
3, water management "dry roots, wet long seedlings", floppy seedlings require strong root knots, brought up, scientific management of water is an important part of the success of childbirth. Before the second leaf and one core, about 6-10 days after sowing, it is mainly wet, and it achieves the purpose of regulating water with water, adjusting fertilizer with water, adjusting temperature with water, and protecting seedlings with water. Under normal conditions, keep the disc soil moist and not white, water-containing and breathable, watering time is selected in the morning or after 5 pm. After two leaves and one core, a semi-drought management is adopted to promote the growth of roots and make root knots firm. In general, no watering is required. If the seedlings appear leafy at noon on a sunny day, they can be sprayed in the evening or the next morning with a suitable amount of water spray. The amount of water can be used to moisten the soil. Clean water is required and well water that cannot be used is used. .
4. Fertilizer management applies good weaning fertilizer. The application of weaning fertilizer should be based on bed soil fertility, seedling production status, age and other specific circumstances. Generally in a leaf-core period (7-8 days after sowing) bed soil fertility is poor, yellow seedling leaves, need to chase weaning fertilizer. Dosage: About 60 grams of urea and 4 kilograms of water will be used for each mu of transplanted fields. Bed soil is fertile, and seedlings that grow well may not be applied.
Look at Miao Shi to send marrying fertilizer. According to the machine inserting progress in batches, generally in the 3-4 days before planting, leaf color faded de-fertilizer seedlings, transplanted with 50 grams of urea per acre transplant fields, watered 2 kg, evenly sprayed in the evening After the application, sprinkle a clean water to prevent it from burning. Normal leaf color, leaf type upright and not sagging seedlings, about 20 grams of urea, watered 2 kg spray. The dark green leaves and the drooping leaves of the leaves show that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is excessive and can not be fertilized. Water control measures should be taken to improve the seedling quality.
VIII. Disease prevention and control The severe diseases and pests in the seedling stage are mainly yellow (white) disease, blight, and bastard disease. After these diseases occur, large areas of yellow seedlings and dead seedlings will appear. Plugging has a major impact. The prevention and control methods for these diseases are described below.
1. Symptoms of yellow (white) encephalitis: faded yellow leaves of new leaves, severe albino, no leaf curls, but thin leaves; old leaves are normal at the early stage of disease and then gradually yellow; roots are browned and absorbed. Functional decline. Causes of morbidity: First, due to drought-enriched oxygen conditions, many mineral elements in the soil are oxidized to high valence states (such as Fe, Mn, etc.); Second, improper seedbed fertilization, poor environmental conditions for seedling growth, and root oxyntic acid absorption The weakened function resulted in insufficient absorption of trace elements, and the formation of chlorophyll in the leaves was blocked. Control methods: (1) bed soil fertilization. More fully applied organic fertilizer, do not apply plant ash and phosphate fertilizer, pH value is suitable for slightly acid (4.5-6), you can use strong tanning agent or dilute sulfuric acid bed soil acidification. (2) Chemical control. With the dry spraying of dry green or No.1 or 0.2% FeSO?, after 24 hours, green spots appeared on the yellow leaves, and the leaves turned green after a few days. This disease could not be prevented if it occurred only in sporadic or small amounts in the seedbed.
2. Symptoms of Rhizoctonia solani were characterized by brown root seedlings, black rooted yellow seedlings, rotten bud rot, and blue-green dead seedlings. In the seedbeds, obvious episodes of disease can be seen, and the expansion is rapid. In the short term, it will result in dead seedlings. Causes of morbidity: First, seedbeds and bed soils were not treated. Pathogens (mainly Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium spp.) were widely found in soil and rapidly propagated in a suitable climate. Second, pathogens that caused blight The aerobic bacteria are inhibited under wet conditions, but they reproduce faster under drought conditions. Blight is one of the diseases that are easy to occur in drought and breeding, and it is harmful. Once onset, it is difficult for the diseased strain to return to normal, so it is important to prevent it. Control methods (1) Soil disinfection: Use 600 grams of enemy cough 1000 times per acre (or other drugs to control blight), disinfect the bed soil (in the stage of preparation of disc soil); (2) a leaf One-core prevention and treatment: Transplant 1 mu of Daejeon seedlings field with dexamethasone 1500 times 6 kilograms, combined with seedlings and water to sprinkle. (3) Spraying should be promptly after onset to control the spread of disease, and the incidence center can increase the dosage. Commonly used drugs such as chlorhexidine, clenbuterol, hymexazol, Drought-free Green 2, etc., the incidence of light and timely control of the machine will not be too much impact.
3, the incidence of bastard disease is the most common type of seedlings, more than 1/3 higher than normal seedlings. Seed borne bacteria are the main cause of rice seedling emergence. Seedlings contacted with bacteria can also be infected. The pathogenic bacteria of the disease belongs to aerobic bacteria, which is beneficial to the breeding of the bacteria. Preventive measures: The use of drug soaking, seed dressing or seed coating is the simplest and most effective method of preventing bastard disease.
General principles: Ning Tian et al.
Soaking time calculation method: the crop maturity time + harvest time + tillage time + soil sedimentation time. The sum of the four times is pushed forward for 16 days as the soaking time.
Taking rapeseed as an example: rapeseed maturation period is generally in mid-May. Due to differences in land, water and fertilizer, and different fields, there are specific problems for each farmer. If a farmer's rapeseed matures on May 8, the harvest time is 3 days, the tillage time is 3 days, the sedimentation time is 3 days, the transplanting time can be basically set on May 17 and the soaking time is pushed forward for 16 days. It can be soaked on May 2nd. Even if other unforeseeable problems such as rainy weather, poor tillage, etc. occur during harvest, there is a buffer time of 4 to 6 days.
Second, drug soaking with Shi Bao Ke, soaking seed soaked with drugs can effectively prevent bachelor disease. Attention should be paid to three points when soaking drugs: First, the soaking, drug, and watering ratios must be strictly followed according to the instructions for use and the instructions of agricultural technicians. The second is to ensure that the seed soaking time (usually in 24 hours. Seeds exposed chest exposed 80%, you can plate). Third, the seed must be cleaned with water after soaking.
Third, bed soil selection matters needing attention
1. The bed soil is selected from garden soil, tillage soil that is ripened by farming, and paddy field soil that is cultivated in autumn and winter; agricultural land should not be taken out of wasteland and herbicide sprayed in the season; the amount of transplanted field soil per acre is sufficient. 80 kg.
2, bed soil fertilization bed soil acidity to slightly acidic or neutral is appropriate to disable the ash. After screened fine soil, add 0.3-0.4 ounces of strong tanning agent per acre to transplant the field, and mix and concentrate on the heap. When the heap is boring, the fine soil moisture content is moderate, and the empirical method is to squeeze into a group, landing is scattered, and covered with agricultural film to promote the full maturity of fertilizer and soil, stacking time 10-15 days. It is also possible to apply 40 tons of livestock manure, 25% of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizer to 60-70 kilograms per acre in the field in the spring, and plowing 2-3 times after planting (10 tons is appropriate for the plowing depth). Then they were piled on sunny days and covered with agricultural film to keep warm. Stacking time is not less than 15-20 days, soil moisture content is the same as above.
3. Disinfection of bed soils Each muslim bed is sterilized with a 1000-fold solution of enemy cough 600 kg (or other drugs that prevent blight). Disinfection of the bed soil was carried out with 3-3.5 kg of Dixon 1000-fold liquid (or other drugs for preventing blight) in bed soil fertilization.
Fourth, the production of precautions
1, 秧畦 should be flat, light, solid, straight.
2. It should be convenient for irrigation and drainage.
3. Keep enough moisture before hanging on the plate.
4. The width of cerium is 1.4 meters and the length is determined according to the needs of childbirth.
5. The determination of the number of transplanted fields for transplanting acres of rice is generally 2-3 seeds per square centimeter. Take a variety of 1.5 kg and a grain weight of 26 grams as an example: The area of ​​a floppy disk is 1,624 square centimeters, 2 seeds per square centimeter, the number of seeds per plate is 3,248, the weight of each seed is 84.4 grams, 1.5 kilograms of seeds 18 floppy disks are required; 3 seeds are sown, 4872 seeds per plate, weighing 126.7 grams, and 12 floppy disks for 1.5 kilograms. According to the above calculations, in the case of a certain amount of mu for use, combined with 1000-grain seed weight, it is recommended to use 16-18 floppy disks per acre for field transplanting.
Sixth, note that the plate sowing.
1. When placing the floppy disk, the floppy disk should be closely attached to the stencil, and the disk and disk should be affixed to ensure that the floppy disk width does not exceed 28 cm and the length does not exceed 58 cm.
2. The thickness of the disc soil on the upper plate must not be greater than 2 cm and not less than 1.8 cm.
3, before sowing, disc soil should be poured enough water, the water should use river water, ditch water, pond water, as far as possible without well water.
4, when sowing, should ensure that the seeds spread evenly, the floppy disk around the seeds to be broadcast in place. After sowing, evenly cover with a layer of fine soil so that it is suitable to see the seeds. After the cover soil is no longer watering, so as not to unevenly flush the seeds, topsoil compaction, affecting emergence.
5, when the film is covered, it is necessary to maintain a certain height to avoid contact between the film and the disk, so as not to affect the emergence.
Seven, seedling management considerations
1, to prevent high-temperature seedlings by germination of rice seedlings, after sowing by a period of high temperature and high humidity seedling period to ensure that the emergence of neat. After the buds have emerged from the soil surface, in order to prevent the temperature from being too high (the temperature in the shed exceeds 30° C. or higher), at noon on sunny days, it may be possible to use the two sheds for ventilation or cover the straw to cool the shed.
2, the time to regulate seedlings filming time should not be too long, when the seedlings are green, incomplete leaves to the first leaf out (3-5 days after sowing), the minimum temperature stable at 15 °C above the film can be uncovered. If the temperature is not stable and it is below 15°C, take the cover on the night and manage it. When the film is removed, it should be promptly sprayed with water. Unmasking principle: from partial to all until the end. It was revealed on a sunny evening, uncovered on cloudy mornings, uncovered before rain, rain, rain, rain, rain and rain, and the low temperature of cold currents was postponed to expose, and it was unveiled on a daily basis to keep the discs moist.
3, water management "dry roots, wet long seedlings", floppy seedlings require strong root knots, brought up, scientific management of water is an important part of the success of childbirth. Before the second leaf and one core, about 6-10 days after sowing, it is mainly wet, and it achieves the purpose of regulating water with water, adjusting fertilizer with water, adjusting temperature with water, and protecting seedlings with water. Under normal conditions, keep the disc soil moist and not white, water-containing and breathable, watering time is selected in the morning or after 5 pm. After two leaves and one core, a semi-drought management is adopted to promote the growth of roots and make root knots firm. In general, no watering is required. If the seedlings appear leafy at noon on a sunny day, they can be sprayed in the evening or the next morning with a suitable amount of water spray. The amount of water can be used to moisten the soil. Clean water is required and well water that cannot be used is used. .
4. Fertilizer management applies good weaning fertilizer. The application of weaning fertilizer should be based on bed soil fertility, seedling production status, age and other specific circumstances. Generally in a leaf-core period (7-8 days after sowing) bed soil fertility is poor, yellow seedling leaves, need to chase weaning fertilizer. Dosage: About 60 grams of urea and 4 kilograms of water will be used for each mu of transplanted fields. Bed soil is fertile, and seedlings that grow well may not be applied.
Look at Miao Shi to send marrying fertilizer. According to the machine inserting progress in batches, generally in the 3-4 days before planting, leaf color faded de-fertilizer seedlings, transplanted with 50 grams of urea per acre transplant fields, watered 2 kg, evenly sprayed in the evening After the application, sprinkle a clean water to prevent it from burning. Normal leaf color, leaf type upright and not sagging seedlings, about 20 grams of urea, watered 2 kg spray. The dark green leaves and the drooping leaves of the leaves show that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is excessive and can not be fertilized. Water control measures should be taken to improve the seedling quality.
VIII. Disease prevention and control The severe diseases and pests in the seedling stage are mainly yellow (white) disease, blight, and bastard disease. After these diseases occur, large areas of yellow seedlings and dead seedlings will appear. Plugging has a major impact. The prevention and control methods for these diseases are described below.
1. Symptoms of yellow (white) encephalitis: faded yellow leaves of new leaves, severe albino, no leaf curls, but thin leaves; old leaves are normal at the early stage of disease and then gradually yellow; roots are browned and absorbed. Functional decline. Causes of morbidity: First, due to drought-enriched oxygen conditions, many mineral elements in the soil are oxidized to high valence states (such as Fe, Mn, etc.); Second, improper seedbed fertilization, poor environmental conditions for seedling growth, and root oxyntic acid absorption The weakened function resulted in insufficient absorption of trace elements, and the formation of chlorophyll in the leaves was blocked. Control methods: (1) bed soil fertilization. More fully applied organic fertilizer, do not apply plant ash and phosphate fertilizer, pH value is suitable for slightly acid (4.5-6), you can use strong tanning agent or dilute sulfuric acid bed soil acidification. (2) Chemical control. With the dry spraying of dry green or No.1 or 0.2% FeSO?, after 24 hours, green spots appeared on the yellow leaves, and the leaves turned green after a few days. This disease could not be prevented if it occurred only in sporadic or small amounts in the seedbed.
2. Symptoms of Rhizoctonia solani were characterized by brown root seedlings, black rooted yellow seedlings, rotten bud rot, and blue-green dead seedlings. In the seedbeds, obvious episodes of disease can be seen, and the expansion is rapid. In the short term, it will result in dead seedlings. Causes of morbidity: First, seedbeds and bed soils were not treated. Pathogens (mainly Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium spp.) were widely found in soil and rapidly propagated in a suitable climate. Second, pathogens that caused blight The aerobic bacteria are inhibited under wet conditions, but they reproduce faster under drought conditions. Blight is one of the diseases that are easy to occur in drought and breeding, and it is harmful. Once onset, it is difficult for the diseased strain to return to normal, so it is important to prevent it. Control methods (1) Soil disinfection: Use 600 grams of enemy cough 1000 times per acre (or other drugs to control blight), disinfect the bed soil (in the stage of preparation of disc soil); (2) a leaf One-core prevention and treatment: Transplant 1 mu of Daejeon seedlings field with dexamethasone 1500 times 6 kilograms, combined with seedlings and water to sprinkle. (3) Spraying should be promptly after onset to control the spread of disease, and the incidence center can increase the dosage. Commonly used drugs such as chlorhexidine, clenbuterol, hymexazol, Drought-free Green 2, etc., the incidence of light and timely control of the machine will not be too much impact.
3, the incidence of bastard disease is the most common type of seedlings, more than 1/3 higher than normal seedlings. Seed borne bacteria are the main cause of rice seedling emergence. Seedlings contacted with bacteria can also be infected. The pathogenic bacteria of the disease belongs to aerobic bacteria, which is beneficial to the breeding of the bacteria. Preventive measures: The use of drug soaking, seed dressing or seed coating is the simplest and most effective method of preventing bastard disease.
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