I. Scope The red dry peppers produced in our city include only two series of peppers, peppers and bell peppers, which are planted in the open field, and do not include various kinds of peppers planted in protected areas. The city has been rated as one of the top ten pepper counties in China by the country. It is because since 1996, the annual area of ​​red peppers grown in our city is over 100,000 mu. The yield is high and the quality is good. The content of capsaicin is high.
Second, the selection of varieties According to the city's climatic conditions, soil texture and fertilizer conditions and other conditions and domestic and foreign market demand, choose to have strong resistance, wide adaptability, good quality, high yield, high yield, resistance to diseases and insect pests and other good traits Red dry pepper series pepper varieties.
1. Big pepper series varieties and characteristics Big pepper series varieties are mainly used for the export of dried peppers and processing pigments and quick-frozen export of fresh peppers. For products such as dried pepper and whole pepper export or processing of pigments, the suitable varieties in our city are Red Dragon No.3, Yidu Red, Tin (Beijing Red), etc.; used for the processing of frozen pepper quick-frozen export and dry pepper products, The suitable varieties in our city include Korea Red Capital F1, Korean King Pepper F1, Super Gold Tower II F1, and New Hongta II F1. The plants of these varieties matured in our city: plant height 65-85?, opening degree 70-80?, flower white, pepper body length 12-14?, transverse stem 2.5-4?, pepper tip eagle mouth shape, Pepper red purple, each plant can harvest 25-30 pepper. All produce 500 pounds/mu, and produce 850 pounds/mu.
2, small pepper series varieties and characteristics of pepper varieties series is mainly used for fresh pepper pickles and red dry pepper as a condiment. Suitable varieties of peppers grown in our city include bullets, Beiyingjiao and Tianyingjiao. The plants of these varieties matured in our city were: 50-60 in plant height, small opening of stems, effective branching of 10-12, opening degree of about 50, and the shape of the plant was umbrella-shaped. Flower white, fruit red clusters, pepper fruit length 5?, the widest transverse stem 1?, spicy strong. Each plant can harvest 120-150 peppers. All produce 550 kg/mu, with a high yield of 800 kg/mu.
Third, soil and cornice selection
1, the choice of soil can choose to pour the easy-to-row plots and the soil is rich in aggregate structure. For example, loam soil, sandy loam soil and clay loam soil have good fertilizer retention, water retention and ventilation, and are most suitable for the growth of red dry peppers.
2. It is recommended to select red dry pepper as the Solanaceae crop, and to plant the soy sauce in the field. It is not appropriate to simmer and pick it up. To select corn, soybean, sorghum, Onion , Garlic, melons, beans, etc. Land, such as eggplant, tomato pods, etc., if ever planted solanaceous crops, should be implemented more than four years of rotation.
Fourth, nursery
1. Nursery methods and facilities are best used in greenhouses for nursery. Nursery facilities require: Walls, bamboo rods or bamboo plates as scaffolds, cross-rail columns, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride non-drip membranes, and straw and other cover insulation. If other methods are used to raise the seedlings, when the bad weather drops, we will not be able to adopt the most effective way to keep the seedbed warm. The pepper seedlings will be chilled or frozen and even freeze to death, laying hidden dangers for the high yield of peppers.
2. Prepare nutrient soil for nursery beds. Choose about 6 fertile sandy loam soils without planting solanaceous crops, fully decompose 4 farmyard manures, sieve them separately, add 2% tuzizi, 5% senior granular fertilizer, and 1% plant ash. Per 10 square meters of nursery area with 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 0.5 kg, 8% trichlorfon powder 15 grams, and soil, farm fertilizer mix evenly, paved in the glutinous rice noodles, oyster flat, step on solid after the planting. Nutrient soil thickness is not less than 10?.
3, washing seeds, drying seeds use full grain, light yellow color, strong life of the seeds. The quality of seeds should meet the national first-class thoroughbred indicator. Sunny day for two days, will help improve seed vigor and early emergence. The seeds of big pepper seeds weigh 6-7 grams, and the seeds of peppers weigh 4.5-5 grams.
4. Soaking seeds can be soaked with the following two methods:
(1) Soaking and soaking in warm soup: Put the seeds in warm water of 52-54°C in a ratio of 1:6. Keep stirring with a small wooden stick. Stop stirring when the water temperature drops to about 30°C and continue soaking for 8-10 hours. Remove the seed coat mucus and spicy taste, remove the seeds from the water and dry them.
(2) Pharmaceutical soaking and disinfection: In the condition that the water temperature is maintained at 25-30°C, soak in seeds with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes, remove and rinse with clean water, and then germinate.
5. Seed germination Immerse the soaked seed into a gauze bag and put it in a mud tile basin. Keep the temperature at 25-30 °C. Cover the wet towel with two layers. Put the seed bag into the warm water at about 30°C every day. Put 1-2 times, control the dry water and then germination, and often turn the seed bag, so that it heats evenly, after about 4-5 days, 70% of the seeds exposed white, you can sow.
Fifth, sowing
1. Timely planting sowing time of Red Pepper in our city is appropriate from March 5 to March 15. Ten to 15 days before sowing, that is, February 20, to warm the seedbed. Bed soil 10 ° depth temperature stability through 15 °C, select sunny morning sowing.
2. Seedling area and seeding rate Pepper planting area per 667 square meters, the nursery area of ​​10 square meters, with the amount of 50 grams. Big pepper planting density is generally in a good fertilizer 4000 / acre, flat fertilizer to 5000 / acre, big pepper seeds 1000-grain weight in 6-7 grams, 50 grams of large pepper seeds have 7100-80000. The nutrient area per plant seedling was 16 square centimeters, and 6250 strains of 10 square meters fertile pepper seedlings.
Small pepper planting area per 667 square meters, its breeding area of ​​20 square meters, with a seed amount of 60 grams. The planting density of bell pepper is generally 8000 plants/mu in good fertile land and 10,000 plants/mu in flat fertilizers. The grain weight of pepper seeds is 4.5 to 5 grams, and the seeds of 60 grams of peppers have 12,000 to 13,000 grains. The seedling nutrient area per plant is 16 square centimeters, and 12,500 fertile pepper seedlings of 20 square meters.
3Seeding seedlings on the seedbed requires “fat, warm, net, and fineâ€. Fill the bottom water before sowing. After the water is completely infiltrated, sifting a layer of 0.5-thick fine soil as the subsoil on the surface of the seedlings, and then use the soil of Golden Dragon. The fungicide was sprayed on the seedbed with 150 times liquid to disinfect the seedbed, and a square with a border length of 40 was used. One seed was sown in the grid, and then the nutrient soil was covered with a fine sieve. The thickness was 0.7-1. After the soil was covered, the mulch was applied on the surface. When 70% of the seed germinated, soil was removed.
4. Seedbed management techniques (1) Seedbed temperature management Seed germination during unearthed period, 10cm deep soil temperature should reach 22°C, the daytime temperature in the shed should be kept at 25-30°C, and nighttime temperature should be kept at 15-18°C. From the seedlings to the two-leaf and one-hearted sheds, the daytime temperature is kept at 25-27°C, the nighttime temperature is maintained at 15-18°C, and the two-leaf-heart-to-four-true leaves period, the daytime temperature is kept at 24-28°C, and the nighttime temperature is maintained at 15°C.
(2) Seedbed water management to keep the seedbed dry and wet.
(3) seedling foliar spray fertilizer can be 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.2% urea mixed nutrient solution or a spray bag with water spray 15? and other foliar spray can be.
(4) Light management The shed film is kept clean and light-transmitting. The cover soil and rags on the outer membrane are often removed, and the water droplets on the inner membrane are wiped off in time.
(5) Training the seedlings 7 days before colonization in order to adapt to the climatic conditions after planting. That is, from April 28, choose to start the morning wind on a sunny day. From May 1st, we chose to add a low wind on a sunny morning to allow the pepper seedlings to gradually accept the exercise of the open environment before planting, so that after the planting, the time for easing the seedlings can be shortened and vegetative growth can be achieved as soon as possible.
(6) The seedling age is 55-60 days, and the growth seedling age is 18?, with 10?12 true leaves.
Sixth, colonization
1. Select the land with fertile soil and irrigation and drainage conditions. It is better not to plant Solanaceae crop within three years.
2. Land preparation and land preparation according to Daxie: The bed is 70cm wide, the stand is 45cm wide, and the row spacing is 55cm. Combined with the land preparation, 5000kg of farmyard fertilizer is applied per 667m2. Hydrosulfate-based compound fertilizer (12-11-15) 100 kg plus 40 kg of ammonium-calcium-magnesium produced by Czech Republic, or 50-75 kg of organic calcium phosphate from Green Park, and 45% of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. Kg, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 1 kg of magnesium sulfate.
3, Daxie double-row mulching cultivation is generally mulched 10 days before the planting of seedlings on April 25th, which will help improve the soil temperature and promote the early emergence of young seedlings. Pepper like black mulch. Xifeng double zero octal film sold better in our city. The State has banned the use of double zero five mulches.
4. Proper colonization of the planting of red dry peppers in the city The best period for planting was May 5-15. The specific time was determined by the climate and environmental conditions at that time. The minimum average temperature reached 15°C or more, and the average underground temperature of 10°C was stable above 10°C. This is the best time for planting.
5. Planting large peppers in a reasonable way: The soil with high fertility should be 4,000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 6 plants per square meter; the soil with medium fertility should be 5000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 8 plants per square meter.
Small pepper: soil with high fertility is 8,000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 12 plants per square meter; moderate soil fertility is 10,000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 16 plants per square meter.
6, planting techniques require the number of acres per mu, take a small row of 45 cm on the membrane, spacing 12.5-33.3 centimeters, planting holes on the membrane planted, planted watering planting seedlings in the hole, planting depth to the cotyledon, so that the roots stretch vertical, with Wet soil will be planted in caves and sealed. It is better to use cloudy or sunny afternoons when planting.
7. A reasonable intercropping of 8 to 1 red pepper and corn in our city is appropriate, that is, 1 row of corn in every 4 rows (8 rows) of peppers. Corn is planted in rows in a row with a spacing of 1 meter and a plant spacing of 1 meter. 166 corns can be planted per acre of pepper. For example, if corn is planted before May 10th, varieties with a growth period of 133-135 days, such as Beiyu 208, Danke 2143, Haihe 14, and Lianyu 16, etc., can be selected; if maize is planted before May 20, fertility can be selected. The period is 130 days, such as Qiangsheng 1, Qiangsheng 49, Huadan 21 and Dongdan 90. The corn planted in the pepper field can reduce the occurrence of diseases such as sunburn, falling sickness, and viral diseases, and the occurrence of locusts, and increase the yield of peppers. In addition, 200 kilos of corn can be obtained per mu.
Seven, field management
1. The management of the vegetative body of the plant is rapidly increased after the planting to the budding management to promote the budding and flowering earlier. After 5 to 7 days after planting, irrigated seedlings should be irrigated once every 8-10 days. It is strictly forbidden to flood the land with water. It is advisable to use sunny weather. After 20 days, the roots should be irrigated once more.
2. After fertilization and colonization, the seedlings are sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2% urea and appropriate amount of sprayed Baobao mixed nutrient solution, sprayed once every 7-10 days, and sprayed 2-3 times, and on 6 In the middle of the month, 5 kg of potassium sulfate is applied every 667 square meters.
3 Plant Adjustment (Pruning)
Big pepper: pruning can promote a big fruit, improve the quality of dry fresh pepper fruit grade level. Go crazy branches (vegetative branches, leeches). When the first branch blossoms, remove buds in time. The branches of the main stem of the first branch, which grow out of the leaf culm, have small angles with the main stem and grow rapidly, affecting the normal development of the main branch and the fruit of pepper. It is necessary to promptly repair the method. Accelerate healing afterwards, prevent infection, grasp early and catch small. Found that crazy buds (branches) destroyed in time.
Small pepper: For the cluster pattern, all the flowers are basically open at the same time, they do not need to be pruned to spend their natural growth.
(4) Field management priorities (1) Fight for seals before the end of June and the beginning of July.
(2) Plants have reached the growth potential of red dry peppers in our city. Based on soil fertility and reasonable planting density, the plants should grow neatly and consistently.
The plant height of big pepper reaches 70-80cm at the end of June and early July. Each effective branch is more than 5 times and the result is 20-30. The branching and flowering of the big pepper is multiplying and multiplying, that is, the first time branching and opening a flower, the knotted pepper is called the door pepper, and should be removed; the second branching opens two flowers, the knotted pepper is called the right pepper; Three branching open four flowers, the end of the pepper is called side of the bucket pepper; the fourth branch opened eight flowers, the end of the pepper called eight-faced wind pepper; the fifth branch opened sixteen flowers, the end of the chili The sky was full of peppers; 31 results were obtained five times, one door pepper was removed, and 30 were peppers. As long as you can ensure that these 30 peppers grow up, you can get high yields. A single dry pepper weighs 6 grams. The theoretical yield of 6 grams multiplied by 20 peppers multiplied by 4,000 peppers was 960 pounds.
The plant height of pepper reached 50-60 cm in late June and early July. The effective branching of each plant is 10-12, and the result of each branch is 15-20. Each plant can produce 150-200 pieces, and a single dry pepper weighs 0.3 grams. The theoretical yield of 0.3 grams multiplied by 150 peppers multiplied by 8,000 peppers was 720 pounds.
In the actual production process, red dry pepper is caused by artificial or disease, pests and the lack of seedlings, or flowering period is affected by adverse weather, resulting in the inability to normal results or falling fruit, and ultimately make the actual yield is lower than the theoretical yield.
5. Drought-resistant and water-saving measures During the growing period of pepper, it is advisable to spray 50 g/mu drought-reducing water-reducing agent dry land treasure, 125 g/mu Jin Yefeng, and 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the foliage. Bag spray Shibao can play a variety of roles such as drought resistance, cold resistance, disease prevention, yield increase, and fertilizer supplementation, which can increase the yield of pepper by 15-20%.
VIII. Control of Pepper Diseases, Pests, and Weeds The pepper field is a complete ecosystem. He himself has a certain degree of self-regulation, and the crop itself has considerable patience and compensation. For example, when the leaf-eating pest eats some of the leaves, the eaten leaves may grow up, and other nearby leaves will compensate. For another example, when the number of pests does not reach the point of prevention, it is not always necessary to apply drugs. As far as field weeds are concerned, as long as they have not reached the level that threatens crop yields, they do not seem to need to be wiped out. In addition to crops in the field, it is worth exploring whether grasses do not stay and insects are not necessarily beneficial to crop yields.
Prevention and control of pepper pests and weeds should adopt the plant protection policy of prevention and comprehensive prevention. Pay attention to the prevention of the early onset of disease and the prevention and treatment of the initial stage of disease, should be mainly to agricultural control, ecological control, supplemented by drug control.
1. Disease prevention and control (1) Prevention and control of anthrax In the season of exposure to rain and rain, it is the onset period of anthrax, and it can be used as a mixture of 800-1000 times that of India imported anthrax pure powder and sprayed with a pouch. Application prevention.
(2) Prevention and treatment of virus disease Spraying anti-toxic agent No. 1 250 g Duishui 30 kg/mu.
2. Insect pest control (1) Aphid spraying: Xiangma horses kill 150mI water 30kg/mu.
(2) Tobacco budworm, corn borer and cotton bollworm were sprayed with 5% cypermethrin 20-30 ml and water 30 kg/mu.
(3) Spraying 50% phoxim EC 50g with water 30 kg/mu.
3, grass damage prevention After the film is basically controlled grass damage. The state prohibits the use of all herbicides.
Nine, sales pepper: timely harvest red pepper sales, so that the immature big pepper in a limited period of time, absorb all nutrients and strive for full maturity. 7 kg of fresh pepper out of 1 kg dry pepper. In 2008, the price of fresh pepper in our city was 0.5 yuan per catty, and dried bell pepper was 3.5 yuan per catty. In 2008, the price of red pepper in our city was 2.7 yuan per catty. Red peppers are best graded at the time of sale and are best sold in the morning.
Level 1 pepper: red. The fruit is fully mature, purple-red, and the skin is thick, showing the typical characteristics of this species.
Level 2 pepper: two red. The fruit is not fully ripe, bright red, and the skin is thin.
Grade 3 pepper: flower skin. Red and two red with yellow or black spots.
Grade 4 pepper: green skin. There are green parts on the fruit. Such peppers cannot be sold and should be picked up promptly.
Pepper: timely harvesting and sale of fresh pepper, so that the mature pepper in a limited time, absorb all the nutrients, increase the solid content. 4.5 kg of fresh pepper out of 1 kg dry pepper. In 2008, the price of fresh pepper in our city was 0.7 yuan per catty, and dried bell pepper was 3.15 yuan per catty. In 2008, the price of red pepper (small) in our city was RMB 3 per catty. Red dry peppers are sold regardless of grade.
After ripening, the fruit should be timely harvested (the big pepper should be harvested in stages) and shady dry storage (large peppers should be stored in stages). The tools used for harvesting, packing, transportation, and storage should be clean, sanitary, and free of pollution.
Ten, leave the species
1, can not leave the kind of pepper is a conventional variety, can be preserved in the production field. First, make a frame that is 80cm wide, 80cm high, and 90cm high. Put a gauze on the 5th surface. Select a typical plant. Cover it just before flowering.
2. Unable to maintain seed production in long-term seed production fields will cause species degradation, resulting in reduced yield.
Second, the selection of varieties According to the city's climatic conditions, soil texture and fertilizer conditions and other conditions and domestic and foreign market demand, choose to have strong resistance, wide adaptability, good quality, high yield, high yield, resistance to diseases and insect pests and other good traits Red dry pepper series pepper varieties.
1. Big pepper series varieties and characteristics Big pepper series varieties are mainly used for the export of dried peppers and processing pigments and quick-frozen export of fresh peppers. For products such as dried pepper and whole pepper export or processing of pigments, the suitable varieties in our city are Red Dragon No.3, Yidu Red, Tin (Beijing Red), etc.; used for the processing of frozen pepper quick-frozen export and dry pepper products, The suitable varieties in our city include Korea Red Capital F1, Korean King Pepper F1, Super Gold Tower II F1, and New Hongta II F1. The plants of these varieties matured in our city: plant height 65-85?, opening degree 70-80?, flower white, pepper body length 12-14?, transverse stem 2.5-4?, pepper tip eagle mouth shape, Pepper red purple, each plant can harvest 25-30 pepper. All produce 500 pounds/mu, and produce 850 pounds/mu.
2, small pepper series varieties and characteristics of pepper varieties series is mainly used for fresh pepper pickles and red dry pepper as a condiment. Suitable varieties of peppers grown in our city include bullets, Beiyingjiao and Tianyingjiao. The plants of these varieties matured in our city were: 50-60 in plant height, small opening of stems, effective branching of 10-12, opening degree of about 50, and the shape of the plant was umbrella-shaped. Flower white, fruit red clusters, pepper fruit length 5?, the widest transverse stem 1?, spicy strong. Each plant can harvest 120-150 peppers. All produce 550 kg/mu, with a high yield of 800 kg/mu.
Third, soil and cornice selection
1, the choice of soil can choose to pour the easy-to-row plots and the soil is rich in aggregate structure. For example, loam soil, sandy loam soil and clay loam soil have good fertilizer retention, water retention and ventilation, and are most suitable for the growth of red dry peppers.
2. It is recommended to select red dry pepper as the Solanaceae crop, and to plant the soy sauce in the field. It is not appropriate to simmer and pick it up. To select corn, soybean, sorghum, Onion , Garlic, melons, beans, etc. Land, such as eggplant, tomato pods, etc., if ever planted solanaceous crops, should be implemented more than four years of rotation.
Fourth, nursery
1. Nursery methods and facilities are best used in greenhouses for nursery. Nursery facilities require: Walls, bamboo rods or bamboo plates as scaffolds, cross-rail columns, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride non-drip membranes, and straw and other cover insulation. If other methods are used to raise the seedlings, when the bad weather drops, we will not be able to adopt the most effective way to keep the seedbed warm. The pepper seedlings will be chilled or frozen and even freeze to death, laying hidden dangers for the high yield of peppers.
2. Prepare nutrient soil for nursery beds. Choose about 6 fertile sandy loam soils without planting solanaceous crops, fully decompose 4 farmyard manures, sieve them separately, add 2% tuzizi, 5% senior granular fertilizer, and 1% plant ash. Per 10 square meters of nursery area with 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 0.5 kg, 8% trichlorfon powder 15 grams, and soil, farm fertilizer mix evenly, paved in the glutinous rice noodles, oyster flat, step on solid after the planting. Nutrient soil thickness is not less than 10?.
3, washing seeds, drying seeds use full grain, light yellow color, strong life of the seeds. The quality of seeds should meet the national first-class thoroughbred indicator. Sunny day for two days, will help improve seed vigor and early emergence. The seeds of big pepper seeds weigh 6-7 grams, and the seeds of peppers weigh 4.5-5 grams.
4. Soaking seeds can be soaked with the following two methods:
(1) Soaking and soaking in warm soup: Put the seeds in warm water of 52-54°C in a ratio of 1:6. Keep stirring with a small wooden stick. Stop stirring when the water temperature drops to about 30°C and continue soaking for 8-10 hours. Remove the seed coat mucus and spicy taste, remove the seeds from the water and dry them.
(2) Pharmaceutical soaking and disinfection: In the condition that the water temperature is maintained at 25-30°C, soak in seeds with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes, remove and rinse with clean water, and then germinate.
5. Seed germination Immerse the soaked seed into a gauze bag and put it in a mud tile basin. Keep the temperature at 25-30 °C. Cover the wet towel with two layers. Put the seed bag into the warm water at about 30°C every day. Put 1-2 times, control the dry water and then germination, and often turn the seed bag, so that it heats evenly, after about 4-5 days, 70% of the seeds exposed white, you can sow.
Fifth, sowing
1. Timely planting sowing time of Red Pepper in our city is appropriate from March 5 to March 15. Ten to 15 days before sowing, that is, February 20, to warm the seedbed. Bed soil 10 ° depth temperature stability through 15 °C, select sunny morning sowing.
2. Seedling area and seeding rate Pepper planting area per 667 square meters, the nursery area of ​​10 square meters, with the amount of 50 grams. Big pepper planting density is generally in a good fertilizer 4000 / acre, flat fertilizer to 5000 / acre, big pepper seeds 1000-grain weight in 6-7 grams, 50 grams of large pepper seeds have 7100-80000. The nutrient area per plant seedling was 16 square centimeters, and 6250 strains of 10 square meters fertile pepper seedlings.
Small pepper planting area per 667 square meters, its breeding area of ​​20 square meters, with a seed amount of 60 grams. The planting density of bell pepper is generally 8000 plants/mu in good fertile land and 10,000 plants/mu in flat fertilizers. The grain weight of pepper seeds is 4.5 to 5 grams, and the seeds of 60 grams of peppers have 12,000 to 13,000 grains. The seedling nutrient area per plant is 16 square centimeters, and 12,500 fertile pepper seedlings of 20 square meters.
3Seeding seedlings on the seedbed requires “fat, warm, net, and fineâ€. Fill the bottom water before sowing. After the water is completely infiltrated, sifting a layer of 0.5-thick fine soil as the subsoil on the surface of the seedlings, and then use the soil of Golden Dragon. The fungicide was sprayed on the seedbed with 150 times liquid to disinfect the seedbed, and a square with a border length of 40 was used. One seed was sown in the grid, and then the nutrient soil was covered with a fine sieve. The thickness was 0.7-1. After the soil was covered, the mulch was applied on the surface. When 70% of the seed germinated, soil was removed.
4. Seedbed management techniques (1) Seedbed temperature management Seed germination during unearthed period, 10cm deep soil temperature should reach 22°C, the daytime temperature in the shed should be kept at 25-30°C, and nighttime temperature should be kept at 15-18°C. From the seedlings to the two-leaf and one-hearted sheds, the daytime temperature is kept at 25-27°C, the nighttime temperature is maintained at 15-18°C, and the two-leaf-heart-to-four-true leaves period, the daytime temperature is kept at 24-28°C, and the nighttime temperature is maintained at 15°C.
(2) Seedbed water management to keep the seedbed dry and wet.
(3) seedling foliar spray fertilizer can be 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.2% urea mixed nutrient solution or a spray bag with water spray 15? and other foliar spray can be.
(4) Light management The shed film is kept clean and light-transmitting. The cover soil and rags on the outer membrane are often removed, and the water droplets on the inner membrane are wiped off in time.
(5) Training the seedlings 7 days before colonization in order to adapt to the climatic conditions after planting. That is, from April 28, choose to start the morning wind on a sunny day. From May 1st, we chose to add a low wind on a sunny morning to allow the pepper seedlings to gradually accept the exercise of the open environment before planting, so that after the planting, the time for easing the seedlings can be shortened and vegetative growth can be achieved as soon as possible.
(6) The seedling age is 55-60 days, and the growth seedling age is 18?, with 10?12 true leaves.
Sixth, colonization
1. Select the land with fertile soil and irrigation and drainage conditions. It is better not to plant Solanaceae crop within three years.
2. Land preparation and land preparation according to Daxie: The bed is 70cm wide, the stand is 45cm wide, and the row spacing is 55cm. Combined with the land preparation, 5000kg of farmyard fertilizer is applied per 667m2. Hydrosulfate-based compound fertilizer (12-11-15) 100 kg plus 40 kg of ammonium-calcium-magnesium produced by Czech Republic, or 50-75 kg of organic calcium phosphate from Green Park, and 45% of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. Kg, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 1 kg of magnesium sulfate.
3, Daxie double-row mulching cultivation is generally mulched 10 days before the planting of seedlings on April 25th, which will help improve the soil temperature and promote the early emergence of young seedlings. Pepper like black mulch. Xifeng double zero octal film sold better in our city. The State has banned the use of double zero five mulches.
4. Proper colonization of the planting of red dry peppers in the city The best period for planting was May 5-15. The specific time was determined by the climate and environmental conditions at that time. The minimum average temperature reached 15°C or more, and the average underground temperature of 10°C was stable above 10°C. This is the best time for planting.
5. Planting large peppers in a reasonable way: The soil with high fertility should be 4,000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 6 plants per square meter; the soil with medium fertility should be 5000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 8 plants per square meter.
Small pepper: soil with high fertility is 8,000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 12 plants per square meter; moderate soil fertility is 10,000 plants per 667 square meters, ie 16 plants per square meter.
6, planting techniques require the number of acres per mu, take a small row of 45 cm on the membrane, spacing 12.5-33.3 centimeters, planting holes on the membrane planted, planted watering planting seedlings in the hole, planting depth to the cotyledon, so that the roots stretch vertical, with Wet soil will be planted in caves and sealed. It is better to use cloudy or sunny afternoons when planting.
7. A reasonable intercropping of 8 to 1 red pepper and corn in our city is appropriate, that is, 1 row of corn in every 4 rows (8 rows) of peppers. Corn is planted in rows in a row with a spacing of 1 meter and a plant spacing of 1 meter. 166 corns can be planted per acre of pepper. For example, if corn is planted before May 10th, varieties with a growth period of 133-135 days, such as Beiyu 208, Danke 2143, Haihe 14, and Lianyu 16, etc., can be selected; if maize is planted before May 20, fertility can be selected. The period is 130 days, such as Qiangsheng 1, Qiangsheng 49, Huadan 21 and Dongdan 90. The corn planted in the pepper field can reduce the occurrence of diseases such as sunburn, falling sickness, and viral diseases, and the occurrence of locusts, and increase the yield of peppers. In addition, 200 kilos of corn can be obtained per mu.
Seven, field management
1. The management of the vegetative body of the plant is rapidly increased after the planting to the budding management to promote the budding and flowering earlier. After 5 to 7 days after planting, irrigated seedlings should be irrigated once every 8-10 days. It is strictly forbidden to flood the land with water. It is advisable to use sunny weather. After 20 days, the roots should be irrigated once more.
2. After fertilization and colonization, the seedlings are sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2% urea and appropriate amount of sprayed Baobao mixed nutrient solution, sprayed once every 7-10 days, and sprayed 2-3 times, and on 6 In the middle of the month, 5 kg of potassium sulfate is applied every 667 square meters.
3 Plant Adjustment (Pruning)
Big pepper: pruning can promote a big fruit, improve the quality of dry fresh pepper fruit grade level. Go crazy branches (vegetative branches, leeches). When the first branch blossoms, remove buds in time. The branches of the main stem of the first branch, which grow out of the leaf culm, have small angles with the main stem and grow rapidly, affecting the normal development of the main branch and the fruit of pepper. It is necessary to promptly repair the method. Accelerate healing afterwards, prevent infection, grasp early and catch small. Found that crazy buds (branches) destroyed in time.
Small pepper: For the cluster pattern, all the flowers are basically open at the same time, they do not need to be pruned to spend their natural growth.
(4) Field management priorities (1) Fight for seals before the end of June and the beginning of July.
(2) Plants have reached the growth potential of red dry peppers in our city. Based on soil fertility and reasonable planting density, the plants should grow neatly and consistently.
The plant height of big pepper reaches 70-80cm at the end of June and early July. Each effective branch is more than 5 times and the result is 20-30. The branching and flowering of the big pepper is multiplying and multiplying, that is, the first time branching and opening a flower, the knotted pepper is called the door pepper, and should be removed; the second branching opens two flowers, the knotted pepper is called the right pepper; Three branching open four flowers, the end of the pepper is called side of the bucket pepper; the fourth branch opened eight flowers, the end of the pepper called eight-faced wind pepper; the fifth branch opened sixteen flowers, the end of the chili The sky was full of peppers; 31 results were obtained five times, one door pepper was removed, and 30 were peppers. As long as you can ensure that these 30 peppers grow up, you can get high yields. A single dry pepper weighs 6 grams. The theoretical yield of 6 grams multiplied by 20 peppers multiplied by 4,000 peppers was 960 pounds.
The plant height of pepper reached 50-60 cm in late June and early July. The effective branching of each plant is 10-12, and the result of each branch is 15-20. Each plant can produce 150-200 pieces, and a single dry pepper weighs 0.3 grams. The theoretical yield of 0.3 grams multiplied by 150 peppers multiplied by 8,000 peppers was 720 pounds.
In the actual production process, red dry pepper is caused by artificial or disease, pests and the lack of seedlings, or flowering period is affected by adverse weather, resulting in the inability to normal results or falling fruit, and ultimately make the actual yield is lower than the theoretical yield.
5. Drought-resistant and water-saving measures During the growing period of pepper, it is advisable to spray 50 g/mu drought-reducing water-reducing agent dry land treasure, 125 g/mu Jin Yefeng, and 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the foliage. Bag spray Shibao can play a variety of roles such as drought resistance, cold resistance, disease prevention, yield increase, and fertilizer supplementation, which can increase the yield of pepper by 15-20%.
VIII. Control of Pepper Diseases, Pests, and Weeds The pepper field is a complete ecosystem. He himself has a certain degree of self-regulation, and the crop itself has considerable patience and compensation. For example, when the leaf-eating pest eats some of the leaves, the eaten leaves may grow up, and other nearby leaves will compensate. For another example, when the number of pests does not reach the point of prevention, it is not always necessary to apply drugs. As far as field weeds are concerned, as long as they have not reached the level that threatens crop yields, they do not seem to need to be wiped out. In addition to crops in the field, it is worth exploring whether grasses do not stay and insects are not necessarily beneficial to crop yields.
Prevention and control of pepper pests and weeds should adopt the plant protection policy of prevention and comprehensive prevention. Pay attention to the prevention of the early onset of disease and the prevention and treatment of the initial stage of disease, should be mainly to agricultural control, ecological control, supplemented by drug control.
1. Disease prevention and control (1) Prevention and control of anthrax In the season of exposure to rain and rain, it is the onset period of anthrax, and it can be used as a mixture of 800-1000 times that of India imported anthrax pure powder and sprayed with a pouch. Application prevention.
(2) Prevention and treatment of virus disease Spraying anti-toxic agent No. 1 250 g Duishui 30 kg/mu.
2. Insect pest control (1) Aphid spraying: Xiangma horses kill 150mI water 30kg/mu.
(2) Tobacco budworm, corn borer and cotton bollworm were sprayed with 5% cypermethrin 20-30 ml and water 30 kg/mu.
(3) Spraying 50% phoxim EC 50g with water 30 kg/mu.
3, grass damage prevention After the film is basically controlled grass damage. The state prohibits the use of all herbicides.
Nine, sales pepper: timely harvest red pepper sales, so that the immature big pepper in a limited period of time, absorb all nutrients and strive for full maturity. 7 kg of fresh pepper out of 1 kg dry pepper. In 2008, the price of fresh pepper in our city was 0.5 yuan per catty, and dried bell pepper was 3.5 yuan per catty. In 2008, the price of red pepper in our city was 2.7 yuan per catty. Red peppers are best graded at the time of sale and are best sold in the morning.
Level 1 pepper: red. The fruit is fully mature, purple-red, and the skin is thick, showing the typical characteristics of this species.
Level 2 pepper: two red. The fruit is not fully ripe, bright red, and the skin is thin.
Grade 3 pepper: flower skin. Red and two red with yellow or black spots.
Grade 4 pepper: green skin. There are green parts on the fruit. Such peppers cannot be sold and should be picked up promptly.
Pepper: timely harvesting and sale of fresh pepper, so that the mature pepper in a limited time, absorb all the nutrients, increase the solid content. 4.5 kg of fresh pepper out of 1 kg dry pepper. In 2008, the price of fresh pepper in our city was 0.7 yuan per catty, and dried bell pepper was 3.15 yuan per catty. In 2008, the price of red pepper (small) in our city was RMB 3 per catty. Red dry peppers are sold regardless of grade.
After ripening, the fruit should be timely harvested (the big pepper should be harvested in stages) and shady dry storage (large peppers should be stored in stages). The tools used for harvesting, packing, transportation, and storage should be clean, sanitary, and free of pollution.
Ten, leave the species
1, can not leave the kind of pepper is a conventional variety, can be preserved in the production field. First, make a frame that is 80cm wide, 80cm high, and 90cm high. Put a gauze on the 5th surface. Select a typical plant. Cover it just before flowering.
2. Unable to maintain seed production in long-term seed production fields will cause species degradation, resulting in reduced yield.
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