Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim is a perennial herb of Liliaceae, commonly used in Chinese herbal medicines. Medicinal parts of the bulb, there is the role of cough and phlegm. Distributed in the three northeastern provinces, Tonghua, Jilin, and Yanbian regions in Jilin Province are the main producing areas of Fritillaria cirrhosa and are cultivated in large areas. With the expansion of the Fritillaria planting area, the types of diseases and insect pests have also increased year by year, the area has been expanding year by year, and the severity of pest and disease damage has been increasing year by year, which has become the main issue for Fritillaria velutipes industry development.
1 Types of Diseases and Pests Since 2000, we have investigated the species and occurrence of pests in the main cultivation areas of Fritillaria. The preliminary findings indicate that the common diseases of Fritillaria are sclerotia, rust, gray mold, and bulb rot. The main pests are earthworms, beetles, wireworms, and underground tigers. Fritillaria sclerotiorum is a disease that damages flat bulbs of Pleurotus ermenoides. Rust and Botrytis cinerea mainly damage the stems and leaves of Pleurotus giraldii. The annual incidence rate is 20% to 30%. When the incidence is severe, the incidence rate on individual plots reaches 90%. the above.
The ecological conditions and cultivation characteristics of the Fritillaria cirrhosa cultivation area are different, and the types of diseases and pests occurring and their damage degree are also different.
2 The main diseases occur
2.1 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious diseases that damage the bulbs of Pleurotus eryngii. There are many occurrences in the producing areas.
2.1.1 Symptoms Symptoms of diseased plants turn purple or yellow at the edge of the leaves, gradually yellowing and turning the whole leaves; curling downwards at the edges of the leaves, curling at the lower part of the leaves, dehydration and wilting at the top leaves, leaf tendrils, and tip, and withering the whole plant. death.
When bulbs are damaged, black spots appear on the surface. The tissues under the lesions become gray and have clear boundaries with healthy tissues; when the damage is severe, the entire bulb turns black, the external shrinkage dry rot, the fleshy tissue disintegrates, and scales under the bulb epidermis Within the gap of the valve, a large number of black sclerotia like millet grains are formed. The diseased bulb was initially blister-shaped and gradually darkened, resulting in black necrotic lesions that gradually spread to other scales, eventually causing the entire bulb to turn black and rot. At this time, some leaves on the ground have shrunk yellow, the base of the stem has collapsed, and the stems and leaves have become yellow until they die.
2.1.2 Incidence and conditions The field investigation and artificial inoculation test showed that S. sclerotiorum can occur from April to September, and the dormancy period in summer is the peak of onset. The growth and development temperature of pathogenic bacteria is 4-30°C, and the optimum temperature is 15°C. It is prone to happen under conditions of low temperature, high humidity, low altitude and poor drainage. The longer the cultivation period and the longer the cultivation period, the heavier the occurrence of Sclerotinia. For lands that have been planted continuously for more than 15 years, the incidence of Sclerotinia is above 30%.
2.1.3 Infection Pathway Septic nuclei in the soil or wintering on the disease bulbs become the source of infection in the second year.
2.2 Rust disease B. velutipes rust is one of the heaviest diseases of F. velutipes. The annual incidence rate is 40% to 70%, and the serious land mass incidence rate can reach 90% or more. It mainly infects stems and leaves, causing early withering and severely affecting yield.
2.2.1 Symptom After rust infection on the plants, yellow long oval lesions appeared on the back of the leaves and under the stems. Golden spores appeared on the lesions, and yellow powdery rust spores spread along with the wind. Perforation of the tissue in the affected area cuts off the conducting tissue and leaves the stems and leaves yellow. In severe cases, the field plants are yellow-brown and cause early wilting. Later onset stems and leaves covered with dark brown round peony, that is, teliospore heap, a large number of winter spores after the rupture, this period of flat motherland on the ground has gradually withered, so the damage is not as serious as the previous period.
2.2.2 Incidence and Conditions The occurrence of B. velutipes rust has certain relationships with temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil texture, planting density, and planting period. In Jilin Province in early May, the temperature dropped from 15 to 18°C. After a long period of drought, the rainfall dropped by 1 or 2 times. Rust rapidly followed. Within a few days, the incidence rate increased from 13.7% to 76.1%. In early May, the temperature stays below 15°C. Even if the rainfall is frequent and the humidity is high, rust is less likely to occur. In general, the incidence of sandy land is higher than that of clay soil. The new cultivation area is lighter than the old cultivation area. The field management is extensive, and the diseased and residue will not be cleaned and disinfected after withering, and the damage is serious.
2.2.3 Pathogens of the infestation mainly used winter spores to overwinter on the sick and became the source of infection in the second year. After germination, teliospore invaded Fritillaria velutipes, producing sporoderm and rust chamber, and a large amount of rust spores were emitted. Rust spores still invaded Fritillaria nitidissima, and after infestation of stems and leaves, the teliospore and teliospores were generated.
2.3 Botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea is one of the main diseases in the upper part of Fritillaria bengyorrhiza, which damages the shoots, leaves, fruits and seeds of the shoot. The disease does not occur frequently. Once it occurs, the germs spread rapidly, and the whole plot can be infested within 3 to 5 days, causing the plants on the ground to wither early and seriously affecting the yield.
2.3.1 Symptoms Leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and other parts can be affected. The symptoms of the leaves are most obvious. The lesions on the leaves were round, elliptic to irregular, dark green to pale yellow-brown, with no obvious edges and watery halos. In wet weather, the gray mold layer was formed on the lesions and the continuum was rapidly expanded, resulting in soft rot and withering of the leaves. When the weather was dry, the center of the lesion was light grey with a deep purple-brown border, and later lesions thinned like oily and brittle cracks. When the stems, flowers, and fruits are damaged, light brown spots are produced, and they are rotted and dried. Under certain conditions, gray mold layers can also be produced. Later in the dead dead tissue, especially at the base of the stem of the diseased plant, small granular black sclerotia can be produced. In a few cases, it can also damage the bulb, causing rot. Botrytis cinerea is harmful to 2~3 year old Fritillaria citrifolia. In the year of disease, plants can wither for 20 days in advance.
2.3.2 Incidence and conditions Gray mold generally occurs in the late growth period of Fritillaria. It began to occur in mid-May and late May. Under suitable conditions, it spread rapidly and became a piece; especially in the case of fine, hot and humid conditions after continuous rain, it can infect the whole field within 3 to 5 days, causing premature death. Plant density is too high or overgrown with weeds.
2.3.3 Infection Pathogens The sclerotia dies in the soil with the diseased corpse in the soil. The sclerotium germinates from late April to early May of the next year, resulting in conidial infestation of Fritillaria and subsequent occurrence of the disease on the lesions. Spores can be re-infected. In the rainy days at 19 to 23°C, the condition spreads rapidly.
3 Comprehensive prevention measures
3.1 Clean up the pasture After the plants on the ground are withered, timely clean up the field weeds and peace fritillaria, and transport them out of the field to concentrate or burn. In the second year of spring before the emergence of Fritillaria cirrhosa, 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 15% triadimefon WP 1000 times solution was used for field disinfection. To reduce the source of initial infection.
3.2 Rotational grading planting shall be carried out in a single batch. Regular rotation with other crops to prevent the cultivation of old gardens is one of the effective measures to prevent the occurrence of diseases such as flat ribs and sclerotinia.
3.3 The rational selection of land and proper close planting should not be used to plant Fritillaria in areas where the sand is too large and drought-prone. In the case of soil fertility and sufficient water, proper close planting can reduce the incidence of Pinctada fusiformes.
3.4 Reasonable fertilization Rational application of nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, enhance the resistance of Fritillaria citrifolia seedlings to rust.
3.5 Do a good job of weeding within the growing period during the management period to prevent grass shortage. Remove the early diseased leaves and control the spread of the disease.
3.6 Chemical Control
3.6.1 Disinfection of sclerotium species, ie spray disinfection with 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times or 50% Sulfonyl WP 1000 times before bulbs are transplanted or before transplanting . Once onset, use 50% quickening WP 1000 times solution or 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times to irrigate the ward. If the disease is serious, increase the concentration of the drug.
3.6.2 rust in the leaf stage or early onset of the time with anti-rust 1 3000 times, or 15%, 25% triadimefon 300 to 500 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times, 97% of the enemy rust sodium 300 times, 20% rust rust 400 to 600 times the liquid, sprayed every 7 to 10 days 1 times, a total of 3 times, can receive better control effect. Among them, 3,000 times of anti-rust No. 1 spray control effect is best, and the control effect can reach more than 90%. Triadimefon 300 times better than the spraying prevention effect in the leaf spreading period, the control effect of more than 80%.
3.6.3 Botrytis cinerea is mainly based on early prevention. It has already appeared rainy weather or morbidity. It is too late to control the drug and it is not ideal. May start spraying prevention in mid-May. Spray 50% quick-inking WP 800 to 1000 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times or 1:1:120 Bordeaux mixture. Spray once every 7 days, spray 2 or 3 times continuously. The above-mentioned agents were significantly more effective in prevention with sulfacin and thiophanate-methyl, followed by carbendazim and Bordeaux mixture.
4 Underground pests Fritillaria subterranean pests are heavier for fleas, cockroaches and ground tigers. Fields and fields are often harmed by a variety of underground pests, resulting in broken seedlings, early withered plants, bitten bulbs, or even empty shells, and even lead to disease rot of the bulbs, thereby reducing yield and quality.
4.1 Living habits and patterns
4.1.1 Aphids are Orthoptera adult insects. In China, there are two kinds of pests, North China and Africa. The production area is seriously affected by African locusts. The pupa is an omnivorous pest, and both adults and nymphs can damage Fritillaria.
Injurious features: In the stage of covering seedlings during the nursery stage, many tunnels are drilled into the surface of the soil. The radicles and seedlings of the Fritillaria przewalskii are chopped off. After biting, the Fritillaria spp. are killed or the soil is too loose and the wind is blown to cause seedlings. Dead and severely deficient seedlings. In the case of perennial bivalves, bulbs and roots can be bitten into scars or eaten. Aphid has a tendency to dampness and turbidity. It occurs in areas where the soil is moist and where the content of humus is high. Heavier lands are used, and land that has not been matured is seriously damaged.
4.1.2 The cocoon is the larvae of the coleopteran beetle, which mainly damages the seedlings. In general, irrigated land occurs early, especially in depressions or wetlands.
Earthworms inhabit the soil throughout their lives. Their activities are mainly related to the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and the conditions such as temperature and humidity. The optimum soil temperature for the activity is 13 to 18°C. When it is higher than 23°C, it gradually shifts to the deep soil layer. When the soil temperature falls to the appropriate activity temperature in autumn, it will move to the upper soil again. Therefore, the damage of Fritillaria to Fritillaria is mainly spring and autumn, and it is the heaviest damage in spring.
The characteristics of damage: biting bulbs, roots and stem bases, so that the bulbs become hollow, can cause infection due to bite the wound and infect other pathogenic microorganisms caused by decay, resulting in broken seedling broken, severely reduce production and reduce product quality.
4.1.3 The golden threadworm is a Coleoptera coleoptera family pest. The main damage to Fritillaria is D. oleifera.
Injury characteristics: After the soil was thawed in spring, it began to move. The leaf spreading period was the most serious period of damage caused by the golden needle. The Fritillaria is bitten into a gap and drilled into bulbs or stems on the ground, so that the affected plants are cut off by the transmission of tissue, showing a wilting state, and finally withered. After the bulb is bitten, it causes the root to rot or die.
4.1.4 The earthworm is a pest of the Lepidoptera lepidoptera family and is larvae. Known types of tigers include small tigers, earth tigers, yellow tigers, etc., but the major disasters are small tigers and yellow tigers.
Injury characteristics: snapping young stems from the surface of the ground and causing the plants to die, resulting in broken shoots.
5 Control measures for underground pests Fritillaria citrifolia underground pest prevention and control We must adopt comprehensive prevention and control measures based on agricultural control, physical control, and chemical control to achieve good control effects.
5.1 Agricultural control sowing land is best to turn over one year before the land is used. The sowing seedlings must be ploughed many times and the eggs, maggots, and larvae of the insects should be turned to the surface or buried deeply to change their living environment and cause death or be affected. Birds eat. During the spawning and pupa periods of pests, the frequency of ripping can be appropriately increased to expose the eggs and cockroaches of the pests to the surface of the soil or deep in the soil, so that the hatching and emergence conditions cannot be achieved. Combine turning, smashing, smashing, loose soil and other operations for manual culling. Thoroughly weeds, weeds, fallen leaves, and stubble from fields and fields.
5.2 Poison bait trap and kill 0.5kg trichlorfon into 10kg sautéed wheat bran or bean cake, add proper amount of water to bait, and then scatter it in the field or in the morning to kill. To ditch the gangs and spread poison baits into the trench to cover the soil.
5.3 Poultry culling and killing The selection of horse dung and deer feces with high fiber content is mixed with 0.5 kg of 80% trichlorfon wettable powder per 30 to 40 kg, put in small piles on the working track, and covered with grass. The trapping effect is more obvious. .
5.4 Light trapping and killing Adults During the period of occurrence, black light, lantern, and lamp are used to trap adult insects around Fritillaria, and a container or molasses trap containing a suitable amount of water and kerosene is placed under the lamp.
5.5 Slurry trapping Syrup trapping was used during the adult emergence period. Preparation methods: brown sugar 0.5kg, vinegar 1kg, water 1kg, 80% trichlorfon wettable powder 50 ~ 100g, mixed and transferred into the container after mixing into the field, the use of adults like sweet and sour odor characteristics to seduce.
5.6 Chemicals Control Pests with serious pests, especially seedlings before sowing after sowing, can be sprayed and watered with 50% phoxim 1000 times solution or 80% trichlorfon WP 800 to 1000 times solution. The effect is better. Rinse the plants with water after the growing season to avoid phytotoxicity. When pests occur, 50% phoxim EC 800 times solution or 80% trichlorfon WP 800 to 1000 times solution can be used for watering.
Author: Institute of Special Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1 Types of Diseases and Pests Since 2000, we have investigated the species and occurrence of pests in the main cultivation areas of Fritillaria. The preliminary findings indicate that the common diseases of Fritillaria are sclerotia, rust, gray mold, and bulb rot. The main pests are earthworms, beetles, wireworms, and underground tigers. Fritillaria sclerotiorum is a disease that damages flat bulbs of Pleurotus ermenoides. Rust and Botrytis cinerea mainly damage the stems and leaves of Pleurotus giraldii. The annual incidence rate is 20% to 30%. When the incidence is severe, the incidence rate on individual plots reaches 90%. the above.
The ecological conditions and cultivation characteristics of the Fritillaria cirrhosa cultivation area are different, and the types of diseases and pests occurring and their damage degree are also different.
2 The main diseases occur
2.1 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious diseases that damage the bulbs of Pleurotus eryngii. There are many occurrences in the producing areas.
2.1.1 Symptoms Symptoms of diseased plants turn purple or yellow at the edge of the leaves, gradually yellowing and turning the whole leaves; curling downwards at the edges of the leaves, curling at the lower part of the leaves, dehydration and wilting at the top leaves, leaf tendrils, and tip, and withering the whole plant. death.
When bulbs are damaged, black spots appear on the surface. The tissues under the lesions become gray and have clear boundaries with healthy tissues; when the damage is severe, the entire bulb turns black, the external shrinkage dry rot, the fleshy tissue disintegrates, and scales under the bulb epidermis Within the gap of the valve, a large number of black sclerotia like millet grains are formed. The diseased bulb was initially blister-shaped and gradually darkened, resulting in black necrotic lesions that gradually spread to other scales, eventually causing the entire bulb to turn black and rot. At this time, some leaves on the ground have shrunk yellow, the base of the stem has collapsed, and the stems and leaves have become yellow until they die.
2.1.2 Incidence and conditions The field investigation and artificial inoculation test showed that S. sclerotiorum can occur from April to September, and the dormancy period in summer is the peak of onset. The growth and development temperature of pathogenic bacteria is 4-30°C, and the optimum temperature is 15°C. It is prone to happen under conditions of low temperature, high humidity, low altitude and poor drainage. The longer the cultivation period and the longer the cultivation period, the heavier the occurrence of Sclerotinia. For lands that have been planted continuously for more than 15 years, the incidence of Sclerotinia is above 30%.
2.1.3 Infection Pathway Septic nuclei in the soil or wintering on the disease bulbs become the source of infection in the second year.
2.2 Rust disease B. velutipes rust is one of the heaviest diseases of F. velutipes. The annual incidence rate is 40% to 70%, and the serious land mass incidence rate can reach 90% or more. It mainly infects stems and leaves, causing early withering and severely affecting yield.
2.2.1 Symptom After rust infection on the plants, yellow long oval lesions appeared on the back of the leaves and under the stems. Golden spores appeared on the lesions, and yellow powdery rust spores spread along with the wind. Perforation of the tissue in the affected area cuts off the conducting tissue and leaves the stems and leaves yellow. In severe cases, the field plants are yellow-brown and cause early wilting. Later onset stems and leaves covered with dark brown round peony, that is, teliospore heap, a large number of winter spores after the rupture, this period of flat motherland on the ground has gradually withered, so the damage is not as serious as the previous period.
2.2.2 Incidence and Conditions The occurrence of B. velutipes rust has certain relationships with temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil texture, planting density, and planting period. In Jilin Province in early May, the temperature dropped from 15 to 18°C. After a long period of drought, the rainfall dropped by 1 or 2 times. Rust rapidly followed. Within a few days, the incidence rate increased from 13.7% to 76.1%. In early May, the temperature stays below 15°C. Even if the rainfall is frequent and the humidity is high, rust is less likely to occur. In general, the incidence of sandy land is higher than that of clay soil. The new cultivation area is lighter than the old cultivation area. The field management is extensive, and the diseased and residue will not be cleaned and disinfected after withering, and the damage is serious.
2.2.3 Pathogens of the infestation mainly used winter spores to overwinter on the sick and became the source of infection in the second year. After germination, teliospore invaded Fritillaria velutipes, producing sporoderm and rust chamber, and a large amount of rust spores were emitted. Rust spores still invaded Fritillaria nitidissima, and after infestation of stems and leaves, the teliospore and teliospores were generated.
2.3 Botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea is one of the main diseases in the upper part of Fritillaria bengyorrhiza, which damages the shoots, leaves, fruits and seeds of the shoot. The disease does not occur frequently. Once it occurs, the germs spread rapidly, and the whole plot can be infested within 3 to 5 days, causing the plants on the ground to wither early and seriously affecting the yield.
2.3.1 Symptoms Leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and other parts can be affected. The symptoms of the leaves are most obvious. The lesions on the leaves were round, elliptic to irregular, dark green to pale yellow-brown, with no obvious edges and watery halos. In wet weather, the gray mold layer was formed on the lesions and the continuum was rapidly expanded, resulting in soft rot and withering of the leaves. When the weather was dry, the center of the lesion was light grey with a deep purple-brown border, and later lesions thinned like oily and brittle cracks. When the stems, flowers, and fruits are damaged, light brown spots are produced, and they are rotted and dried. Under certain conditions, gray mold layers can also be produced. Later in the dead dead tissue, especially at the base of the stem of the diseased plant, small granular black sclerotia can be produced. In a few cases, it can also damage the bulb, causing rot. Botrytis cinerea is harmful to 2~3 year old Fritillaria citrifolia. In the year of disease, plants can wither for 20 days in advance.
2.3.2 Incidence and conditions Gray mold generally occurs in the late growth period of Fritillaria. It began to occur in mid-May and late May. Under suitable conditions, it spread rapidly and became a piece; especially in the case of fine, hot and humid conditions after continuous rain, it can infect the whole field within 3 to 5 days, causing premature death. Plant density is too high or overgrown with weeds.
2.3.3 Infection Pathogens The sclerotia dies in the soil with the diseased corpse in the soil. The sclerotium germinates from late April to early May of the next year, resulting in conidial infestation of Fritillaria and subsequent occurrence of the disease on the lesions. Spores can be re-infected. In the rainy days at 19 to 23°C, the condition spreads rapidly.
3 Comprehensive prevention measures
3.1 Clean up the pasture After the plants on the ground are withered, timely clean up the field weeds and peace fritillaria, and transport them out of the field to concentrate or burn. In the second year of spring before the emergence of Fritillaria cirrhosa, 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 15% triadimefon WP 1000 times solution was used for field disinfection. To reduce the source of initial infection.
3.2 Rotational grading planting shall be carried out in a single batch. Regular rotation with other crops to prevent the cultivation of old gardens is one of the effective measures to prevent the occurrence of diseases such as flat ribs and sclerotinia.
3.3 The rational selection of land and proper close planting should not be used to plant Fritillaria in areas where the sand is too large and drought-prone. In the case of soil fertility and sufficient water, proper close planting can reduce the incidence of Pinctada fusiformes.
3.4 Reasonable fertilization Rational application of nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, enhance the resistance of Fritillaria citrifolia seedlings to rust.
3.5 Do a good job of weeding within the growing period during the management period to prevent grass shortage. Remove the early diseased leaves and control the spread of the disease.
3.6 Chemical Control
3.6.1 Disinfection of sclerotium species, ie spray disinfection with 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times or 50% Sulfonyl WP 1000 times before bulbs are transplanted or before transplanting . Once onset, use 50% quickening WP 1000 times solution or 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times to irrigate the ward. If the disease is serious, increase the concentration of the drug.
3.6.2 rust in the leaf stage or early onset of the time with anti-rust 1 3000 times, or 15%, 25% triadimefon 300 to 500 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times, 97% of the enemy rust sodium 300 times, 20% rust rust 400 to 600 times the liquid, sprayed every 7 to 10 days 1 times, a total of 3 times, can receive better control effect. Among them, 3,000 times of anti-rust No. 1 spray control effect is best, and the control effect can reach more than 90%. Triadimefon 300 times better than the spraying prevention effect in the leaf spreading period, the control effect of more than 80%.
3.6.3 Botrytis cinerea is mainly based on early prevention. It has already appeared rainy weather or morbidity. It is too late to control the drug and it is not ideal. May start spraying prevention in mid-May. Spray 50% quick-inking WP 800 to 1000 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times or 1:1:120 Bordeaux mixture. Spray once every 7 days, spray 2 or 3 times continuously. The above-mentioned agents were significantly more effective in prevention with sulfacin and thiophanate-methyl, followed by carbendazim and Bordeaux mixture.
4 Underground pests Fritillaria subterranean pests are heavier for fleas, cockroaches and ground tigers. Fields and fields are often harmed by a variety of underground pests, resulting in broken seedlings, early withered plants, bitten bulbs, or even empty shells, and even lead to disease rot of the bulbs, thereby reducing yield and quality.
4.1 Living habits and patterns
4.1.1 Aphids are Orthoptera adult insects. In China, there are two kinds of pests, North China and Africa. The production area is seriously affected by African locusts. The pupa is an omnivorous pest, and both adults and nymphs can damage Fritillaria.
Injurious features: In the stage of covering seedlings during the nursery stage, many tunnels are drilled into the surface of the soil. The radicles and seedlings of the Fritillaria przewalskii are chopped off. After biting, the Fritillaria spp. are killed or the soil is too loose and the wind is blown to cause seedlings. Dead and severely deficient seedlings. In the case of perennial bivalves, bulbs and roots can be bitten into scars or eaten. Aphid has a tendency to dampness and turbidity. It occurs in areas where the soil is moist and where the content of humus is high. Heavier lands are used, and land that has not been matured is seriously damaged.
4.1.2 The cocoon is the larvae of the coleopteran beetle, which mainly damages the seedlings. In general, irrigated land occurs early, especially in depressions or wetlands.
Earthworms inhabit the soil throughout their lives. Their activities are mainly related to the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and the conditions such as temperature and humidity. The optimum soil temperature for the activity is 13 to 18°C. When it is higher than 23°C, it gradually shifts to the deep soil layer. When the soil temperature falls to the appropriate activity temperature in autumn, it will move to the upper soil again. Therefore, the damage of Fritillaria to Fritillaria is mainly spring and autumn, and it is the heaviest damage in spring.
The characteristics of damage: biting bulbs, roots and stem bases, so that the bulbs become hollow, can cause infection due to bite the wound and infect other pathogenic microorganisms caused by decay, resulting in broken seedling broken, severely reduce production and reduce product quality.
4.1.3 The golden threadworm is a Coleoptera coleoptera family pest. The main damage to Fritillaria is D. oleifera.
Injury characteristics: After the soil was thawed in spring, it began to move. The leaf spreading period was the most serious period of damage caused by the golden needle. The Fritillaria is bitten into a gap and drilled into bulbs or stems on the ground, so that the affected plants are cut off by the transmission of tissue, showing a wilting state, and finally withered. After the bulb is bitten, it causes the root to rot or die.
4.1.4 The earthworm is a pest of the Lepidoptera lepidoptera family and is larvae. Known types of tigers include small tigers, earth tigers, yellow tigers, etc., but the major disasters are small tigers and yellow tigers.
Injury characteristics: snapping young stems from the surface of the ground and causing the plants to die, resulting in broken shoots.
5 Control measures for underground pests Fritillaria citrifolia underground pest prevention and control We must adopt comprehensive prevention and control measures based on agricultural control, physical control, and chemical control to achieve good control effects.
5.1 Agricultural control sowing land is best to turn over one year before the land is used. The sowing seedlings must be ploughed many times and the eggs, maggots, and larvae of the insects should be turned to the surface or buried deeply to change their living environment and cause death or be affected. Birds eat. During the spawning and pupa periods of pests, the frequency of ripping can be appropriately increased to expose the eggs and cockroaches of the pests to the surface of the soil or deep in the soil, so that the hatching and emergence conditions cannot be achieved. Combine turning, smashing, smashing, loose soil and other operations for manual culling. Thoroughly weeds, weeds, fallen leaves, and stubble from fields and fields.
5.2 Poison bait trap and kill 0.5kg trichlorfon into 10kg sautéed wheat bran or bean cake, add proper amount of water to bait, and then scatter it in the field or in the morning to kill. To ditch the gangs and spread poison baits into the trench to cover the soil.
5.3 Poultry culling and killing The selection of horse dung and deer feces with high fiber content is mixed with 0.5 kg of 80% trichlorfon wettable powder per 30 to 40 kg, put in small piles on the working track, and covered with grass. The trapping effect is more obvious. .
5.4 Light trapping and killing Adults During the period of occurrence, black light, lantern, and lamp are used to trap adult insects around Fritillaria, and a container or molasses trap containing a suitable amount of water and kerosene is placed under the lamp.
5.5 Slurry trapping Syrup trapping was used during the adult emergence period. Preparation methods: brown sugar 0.5kg, vinegar 1kg, water 1kg, 80% trichlorfon wettable powder 50 ~ 100g, mixed and transferred into the container after mixing into the field, the use of adults like sweet and sour odor characteristics to seduce.
5.6 Chemicals Control Pests with serious pests, especially seedlings before sowing after sowing, can be sprayed and watered with 50% phoxim 1000 times solution or 80% trichlorfon WP 800 to 1000 times solution. The effect is better. Rinse the plants with water after the growing season to avoid phytotoxicity. When pests occur, 50% phoxim EC 800 times solution or 80% trichlorfon WP 800 to 1000 times solution can be used for watering.
Author: Institute of Special Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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