Wheat timely winter irrigation, the first is to stabilize the temperature, to prevent the freezing of dead seedlings; the second is to be able to sink the soil, crush the rubbish, eliminate overwintering pests; third is the combination of winter water and winter fertilizer, can create good conditions for the spring wheat turn green and root growth. In addition, the saline-alkali wheat fields can be fed in winter and can also be alkali-modified. According to the survey, compared with unsealed winter wheat fields, the number of ears per mu increased by 123,000 spikes, the number of grains per spike increased by 6.7 grains, the grain weight increased by 1.3 grams, and the yield increased by 27%. Whether wheat needs winter irrigation and what time winter irrigation should mainly grasp the "three look":
One depends on lyricism. For winter wheat fields where the water holding capacity is less than 80% and water is poured before winter, winter irrigation should be performed.
Second, we must look at the situation. Single planting in more than 1.5 ~ 2 wheat fields, winter irrigation is more appropriate, generally weak seedlings, especially single seedlings of late sowing, it is best not to winter irrigation, or prone to frost damage; overgrown wheat field, you can postpone or not winter irrigation In order to control and prosper.
Third depends on the temperature. The appropriate time for wheat winter irrigation is generally started from the drop of the daily average temperature to 7-8°C, and ends at around 5°C. The people’s experience is: “The nights are frozen, the winter irrigation is just right.†The winter irrigation is too early and the temperature is high. Evaporation is too large to achieve the desired effect; winter irrigation is too late, the soil is frozen, the water cannot be infiltrated in time, the water in the ground area is frozen, the wheat seedlings suffocate and die under the ice, or form ice icicles, lift up the clods, pull Broken wheat roots, hanging wheat seedlings. The order of winter irrigation is generally to infiltrate poor clay land, low-lying land, and post-irrigation water-rich sand land; first to fill the second and third types of wheat fields where the bottom is insufficient or the surface of the table is poor. Early, and there is a long trend of wheat.
In addition, it should be noted that the amount of winter wheat irrigation should not be too large, in order to be able to soak, the day seepage is appropriate; generally about 50 to 60 cubic meters per mu. In order to save water, we must do the drainage and drainage facilities to prevent flooding; after the winter irrigation, we must timely remove the loose soil and bridge the cracks so as to increase the temperature and prevent the dead seedlings from being damaged by the wind.
Treatment of Mycoplasma Diseases
It is mainly used for prevention and treatment of Mycoplasma suis pneumonia (also known as local epidemic pneumonia of pigs, commonly known as asthma of pigs), Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection (also known as chronic respiratory disease of chickens), contagious pleuropneumonia of sheep (also known as Mycoplasma ovis pneumonia), Mycoplasma bovis Mastitis and arthritis, Mycoplasma ovis anomastia and arthritis, Mycoplasma suis serositis, arthritis, Mycoplasma avian synovitis, etc.
During the treatment, broad-spectrum antibiotics such as doxycycline, roxithromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline and erythromycin should be used, and the treatment should be carried out according to the drug instructions. It is used to treat animal Mycoplasma disease.
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A group of pleomorphic organisms between viruses and bacteria cause human, animal and plant diseases, called Mycoplasma disease. This disease is highly infectious and can make the disease spread rapidly. It is often infected with other laboratory animal diseases.
1. Mycoplasma spp is a kind of prokaryotic leptocyte, which can reproduce in the medium without leptocyte. Its size is between bacteria and virus, and its diameter is 80-300 μ m. It can pass through the sterilizing filter. It is polymorphous and can be spherical, rod-shaped, filamentous and other irregular shapes. It is gram negative.
2. Epidemiology klincherger et al. (1937) first isolated mycoplasma from the pneumonia foci of rats with bronchiectasis. Mycoplasma is the main pathogen of chronic respiratory diseases in rodent experimental animals, which is widely distributed in the production groups of rats and mice, and even more than Sendai virus and mouse pneumonia virus, The prevalence of mycoplasma is very serious in the experimental rat population in China. Lu Guozhen et al. (1989) reported that the infection rate of common BALB / c mice in the open environment is 40%, and that of clean BALB / c mice in the barrier system is 12.59%, which indicates that the barrier system can effectively control the invasion of the original microorganisms and reduce the infection rate of Mycoplasma. The natural hosts of mycoplasma are rats and mice, Different strains and ages of animals have different susceptibility to Mycoplasma. From cotton rat, hamster, guinea pig.
Mycoplasma was also isolated from rabbits and horses, which can cause arthritis and uveitis in immunized mice. Mycoplasma can often be isolated from the nasopharynx of wild rats. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the feeding management of experimental rats and mice, and strictly prevent wild rats from entering. The infection of this disease is mainly caused by infected rats and Mycoplasma recessive carrier rats, which excrete toxin through respiratory tract secretion, contaminating feed, bedding material, etc In addition, the transportation of animals may also be an important way of transmission. Mycoplasma is an inherent pathogen in mice and rats. Uninfected animals and infected animals are easy to be infected when they are raised in the same cage. Because flat channel is the most vulnerable site to Mycoplasma natural infection, Therefore, the upper respiratory tract becomes the source of infection for other animals and animals' lower respiratory tract and reproductive tract. Mycoplasma is often isolated from vagina and Ziji, but it can not be detected from liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Due to the presence of Mycoplasma in genitalia, it often infects fetal rats and newborn rats, or causes contamination of caesarean section.
3. Clinical symptoms: the experimental animals were infected with mycoplasma, and the political diseases were mainly caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma fulvum and Mycoplasma arthritis, especially Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Mycoplasma pneumoniae mainly caused pneumonia in rats and mice and female reproductive organ diseases (suppurative ovaritis, salpingitis and empyema).
4. Pathological changes Mycoplasma in the respiratory tract of rats caused by Mycoplasma generally does not show gross lesions, and animals infected by a small amount of Mycoplasma do not show or rarely show microscopic lesions. Mild infection is likely to be missed. Therefore, the organs of the respiratory tract and reproductive tract of animals should be made into sections for careful examination, If severe infection or epidemic occurs in mice, typical pathological damage caused by mycoplasma can be seen. For example, syncytial giant cells sometimes appear in nasal cavity and bronchiolitis epithelium of mice, which has certain characteristics and can confirm the existence of Mycoplasma. The pathological changes are mainly manifested as neutrophil infiltration in joints and surrounding tissues and mild proliferation of sea membrane cells, The sea membrane becomes hypertrophic, accompanied by a large number of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages infiltration. The erosion of articular cartilage can lead to serious damage of joints. The pathological changes were as follows: (1) at the initial acute stage (lasting for about 2 weeks), neutrophil infiltration in the joint and surrounding tissues, and proliferation of synovium in the light disc; â‘¡ Acute and chronic inflammatory processes occurred together in the mixed period (3-10 weeks); â‘¢ In chronic stage (11-38 weeks or longer), meningococcal infection, monocyte infiltration and articular cartilage destruction occurred.
5. prevention and control of animals with too much density, high concentration of environment and infection of bacteria or viruses will increase the incidence rate of the rats. Therefore, prevention of this disease should raise the density of animal animal care and prevent the infection of other diseases.
doxycycline, roxithromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline and erythromycin
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