The development of the body in egg breeders significantly influences their production performance, as it reflects the standard of skeletal and physical growth. The skeleton is the primary limiting factor, followed by body weight. In practical management, both the length and weight of the breeder are used as key indicators. It's important to note that bone growth and body weight gain occur at different rates. Bones grow rapidly during the first 10 weeks, with 8-week-old chicks having completed about 75% of skeletal development, and 12-week-olds reaching over 90%. Meanwhile, peak body weight is achieved at 36 weeks. The proper development of body shape directly affects laying performance. Birds that are underweight or have delayed growth often produce smaller eggs early on and experience a slower increase in egg production. In severe cases, such as prolapse of the vent, mortality rates can rise significantly. If a bird fails to meet size and weight standards, it may indicate poor brooding practices, leading to delays in the start of egg production—sometimes up to 1-2 weeks, or even 3-4 weeks. This delay can prevent the flock from reaching peak egg production on time, resulting in reduced output and disruption of hatch plans, which has a major impact on economic efficiency.
To manage body development effectively, attention should be given to the growth of skeletal length and body weight during specific stages. Before 8 weeks, focus should be on pupal growth, and between 8 and 12 weeks, ensure balanced development of both length and weight. Aim for more than 90% uniformity in length and over 80% in weight. High-nutrient feeding in the early stages promotes rapid growth but also increases metabolic activity. However, young chicks have limited stomach capacity and lower digestibility, making them vulnerable to stressors like temperature changes, vaccinations, medications, and rickets. To support healthy growth, feed should be carefully formulated during the first four weeks, with energy levels around 12.5–12.9 MJ/kg, crude protein 20–22%, methionine 0.45%, sulfur amino acids 0.8%, lysine 1.15%, along with sufficient calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, and other minerals. This not only supports strong bone development but also enhances immunity and feather growth, helping chicks reach developmental targets earlier.
Timely grouping and nutritional adjustments are essential. Clustering should occur at 4, 8, and 12–16 weeks. At 4 weeks, birds below 10% of the average weight should be separated and fed high-energy brooding feed until 8 weeks. Others can transition to late-stage feed, maintaining energy above 11.9 MJ/kg, crude protein 19%, methionine 0.42%, and lysine 1.10%. For birds not meeting standards, continue feeding until week 10, increasing multivitamin supplementation. From 8 to 12 weeks, graded management methods—such as reducing feed by 5g or adjusting light exposure—can help control growth. For those exceeding weight standards, reduce energy intake; for underweight birds, add 1% crude protein or 2% fat for two weeks. Proper lighting protocols are also critical, especially for controlling sexual maturity. Light duration influences reproductive timing, so managing it carefully ensures optimal egg production. Overall, modern egg breeder management now focuses on body development rather than just age, emphasizing weight as the main indicator for successful breeding outcomes.
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