Hawthorn has good storage resistance, but there are still two major challenges during the storage process: first, the fruit is highly prone to water loss and wilting; second, it is vulnerable to fungal infections, which can lead to significant rot. Therefore, proper attention must be given to several key factors during hawthorn storage.
(I) Variety and Cultivation Considerations
1. **Variety Selection**: Hawthorn comes in many varieties and strains, with a wide cultivation range. It's recommended to choose varieties that have strong storage resistance and are widely grown for better availability and performance.
2. **Regional and Climatic Influence**: The storage resistance of hawthorn varies by region. Generally, hawthorns from northern areas with colder climates, such as Liaoning, Beijing, and Shandong, tend to store better than those from southern regions like Henan and Hubei. In particular, hawthorns from Yunnan are known for their excellent storage qualities.
3. **Harvest Time and Maturity**: The timing of harvest plays a crucial role in storage success. For long-term storage, harvesting slightly earlier is preferable, while for immediate sale or processing, a later harvest enhances flavor and yield. However, if harvested too late, the fruit becomes more prone to dropping, mechanical damage, and rapid aging, leading to increased spoilage. On the other hand, harvesting too early may result in poor color, aroma, and taste, along with higher post-harvest losses due to wilting. The best time to harvest is when the skin turns red and a waxy layer appears on the surface. It’s advisable to pick in the morning to minimize mechanical injury. After harvesting, the fruit should be placed in a cool place for 1–2 days to dissipate field heat, or directly moved to cold storage at 0°C.
(II) Storage Conditions
- **Temperature**: -1°C to 0°C
- **Humidity**: 85% to 95%
- **Atmosphere**: Oxygen 3%–5%, Carbon Dioxide 3%–5%
- **Storage Duration**: 3–7 months
(III) Storage Techniques and Management
There are various methods for storing hawthorn, all aiming to create optimal temperature, humidity, and gas conditions to extend shelf life. Key principles include low temperature, heat protection, moisture retention, and proper ventilation. Here are some common techniques:
1. **Gully Method**: Widely used in Shandong and Hebei, this method involves digging trenches oriented north-south. The trench is filled with wet sand, and hawthorn is stacked in layers. During the day, cover with grass or curtains to protect from heat, and add soil at night for insulation. This method is cost-effective and can last until the next year.
2. **Burial Method (Pit Storage)**: Dig pits about 1 meter deep and 70 cm in diameter. Fill the bottom with fine sand, then stack the hawthorn in layers, covering with more sand and soil. This method requires minimal management and can last until spring.
3. **Cellaring**: Common in northern China, cellars are built on high ground with good air circulation. Fruit is stored in baskets or boxes, with space left for ventilation. With proper care, storage can last until April of the following year.
4. **Cylinder Method**: A simple method for small-scale home storage. Wash a container, place a pot of water at the bottom for humidity, insert straw for ventilation, and layer the hawthorn. Seal the container when temperatures drop.
(IV) Ventilation and Cold Storage
For large quantities, ventilation and cold storage are commonly used. Natural cooling or mechanical refrigeration helps maintain ideal conditions. Early cooling is essential, and stable temperature and humidity control are critical to reduce spoilage.
(V) Atmosphere Storage
Modified atmosphere packaging using polyethylene film bags helps control gas composition, reducing water loss and delaying aging. Silicon window bags are especially effective, offering a low-cost and efficient solution. These can be used in cold storage for extended preservation.
(VI) Major Problems and Prevention
1. **Wilting**: Low humidity leads to excessive water loss. Maintaining appropriate humidity levels—90%–95% at lower temperatures, and 85%–90% at slightly higher temperatures—is essential. Film packaging and modified atmosphere techniques also help.
2. **Decay**: Proper temperature (-2°C to 0°C), humidity, and gas regulation are key to preventing decay. During early storage, higher CO₂ and lower O₂ levels are acceptable, while later stages require more oxygen and less CO₂ to avoid spoilage.
By following these guidelines, hawthorn can be stored effectively, maintaining quality and minimizing losses.
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