Soil improvement and fertilization management are essential components in maintaining pollution-free orchards, particularly for fruit trees like pears. Effective soil management not only enhances the physical and chemical properties of the soil but also supports healthy root development and nutrient uptake. One of the most fundamental practices is deep plowing, which involves turning the soil to a depth of approximately 60 cm. This process helps improve soil structure, promote microbial activity, and accelerate the decomposition of organic matter. Deep plowing should be carried out after harvest in autumn or early spring when the soil thaws, allowing for better integration with base fertilizers and organic materials such as straw.
During the growing season, it's important to keep the soil loose by using a cultivator after rain or irrigation. This helps regulate temperature, control weeds, and maintain optimal moisture levels. In addition, planting grass between rows can help prevent soil erosion and improve soil fertility. However, this method is not suitable for densely planted orchards where competition for nutrients may occur. The choice of grass species should be based on their low growth height, resistance to trampling, and compatibility with pear trees. Common choices include legumes like alfalfa, clover, and vetch, which also contribute to nitrogen fixation.
Covering the orchard floor with crop residues, green manure, or weeds is another effective technique. These materials should be applied in layers about 10 cm thick, ensuring that dry materials are soaked before use to avoid fire hazards. This practice helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and gradually enrich the soil as the material decomposes.
Fertilization in pollution-free orchards must follow strict guidelines. Organic fertilizers should be the primary source, supplemented with chemical fertilizers as needed. Base fertilization is best done in autumn, combining organic materials with the root zone of the trees. This promotes long-term nutrient availability and improves soil health. Topdressing during the growing season should be based on scientific soil testing, following the principles of balanced nutrition. For example, for a yield of 4,000 kg of pears, the annual requirement is roughly 17–20 kg of nitrogen, 8–10 kg of phosphorus, and 18–22 kg of potassium.
Leaf spraying is also an important technique, especially for addressing nutrient deficiencies. Spraying solutions like urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and micronutrient compounds (e.g., zinc sulfate, iron sulfate) can be applied multiple times throughout the year. This ensures that trees receive necessary nutrients directly through their leaves, enhancing overall health and productivity.
Orchard irrigation must meet high-quality standards, avoiding any untreated wastewater. Watering should be timed strategically—before bud formation, during fruit development, and after harvest. Drip or micro-irrigation systems are ideal for efficient water use, especially in areas with limited rainfall. Proper irrigation not only supports tree growth but also helps prevent diseases and ensures consistent fruit quality. By implementing these integrated practices, orchard managers can maintain sustainable, high-yield production while protecting the environment.
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