The ways of nutrition and disease resistance include: six ways to influence the development and function of the immune system, affect the development and health of the intestine, influence the expression of resistance genes, affect the occurrence and development of infectious diseases, relieve the harm of ROS, and mitigate the harm of mycotoxins .
There is a very close relationship between nutrition and disease. The nutritional status of animals affects the body's immune function and resistance to diseases. The health of the body also affects the animal's nutritional needs. The birth and development of "nutrition immunology" has provided new ideas for solving animal diseases. There are two major research hotspots on pig nutrition and immunity at home and abroad:
1, the impact of nutrition on immune function
(1) The serious lack of any nutrient, long-term malnutrition all impairs the development and immunity of the immune system;
(2) For most nutrients, the need for optimal immunity is higher than the requirement for production performance;
(3) Different nutrient types have different effects on the immune function.
2. Major nutrients affecting immune response
The main nutrients that affect the immune response are proteins, amino acids, fats, vitamins, and trace elements.
(1) Protein: In the clinical and experimental aspects, the research on protein nutrition and immunity is very extensive, and a more consistent conclusion is obtained. Protein deficiency will: reduce the body's anti-infective ability and lymph organ development; reduce cellular immune function; reduce humoral immune function; reduce the number and activity of macrophages.
(2) Amino acids: Studies on the relationship between amino acids and immune function mainly focus on several essential amino acids such as lysine, sulfur amino acids, threonine and branched chain amino acids and glutamine. Amino acids affect the mechanism of immune function: 1 affect the rate and type of protein synthesis, RNA synthesis and antibody formation process; the pharmacological effects of 2 amino acids; 3 amino acid metabolites affect immune function; 4 amino acids affect the immune indirectly by affecting the metabolism of other essential nutrients Features.
(3) Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): Most studies have shown that adding omega-3 PUFA to diets reduces the lymphocyte transformation rate, natural killer cell activity, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL- 6. The production of TNF) can explain to some extent the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases or inflammation. These diseases are characterized by uncontrolled immune responses, resulting in excessive inflammatory cytokines that cause damage to the body. The balance of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs is of great significance.
At present, the mechanisms that affect the immune response to ω-3 PUFA are: 1 affecting the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane, thus affecting the cell's fluidity; 2 changing the type and number of eicosanoids; 3 changing the signal transduction of cells System; 4 changes in the body's lipid peroxidation; 5 affects the expression of key genes in immune cells. Such as cytokines, adhesion molecules, etc.
(4) Vitamins: Vitamins affect the development of the immune system and play an important role in the immune regulation process. The more in-depth study of vitamins are: vitamin A and beta-carotene; vitamin E; vitamin D; vitamin C.
Vitamin A is an important substance that maintains normal immune function, and is severely deficient or subclinically lacking in immune function disorders. Jiang Jianyang (1999) showed that high-dose vitamins can improve the immune function of piglets, but have no significant effect on humoral immunity. In addition to being a precursor of vitamin A, β-carotene also has its own unique functions: 1 antioxidant function; 2 promotes proliferation of helper T lymphocytes, increase of IL-2 receptor on NK cells, and induces cytotoxicity. The vitality of the cells.
VE is a biological antioxidant that enhances the body's immune function and has the effect of an immune adjuvant. VE has a synergistic effect with selenium in affecting immune function. Adding VE to feed can effectively increase the production of porcine antibodies. Addition of 100 IUVE to the pig diet increased the pig's serological response to E. coli.
VE affects the immune mechanism: 1 antioxidant function; 2 affect the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites;
3 Inhibition of prostaglandin and corticosterone biosynthesis.
VC affects immune function through four ways: 1 affects the phagocytosis of immune cells; 2 reduces serum cortisol and improves the stress state; 3 anti-oxidation function; 4 increases the synthesis of interferon.
Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of immune function in the active form 1,25-(OH)2-D3: 1 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, lymphocyte producing cells, and bone cells, and modifies the activity of T and B lymphocytes; 2 regulates IL- 1. IL-2, IL-3, α-TNF and immunoglobulin modify the immune response; 3 regulate the transfer of monocytes, polymorphonuclear macrophages, and lymphocytes from the thymus and spleen to the blood; 4 regulate monocyte in vitro The proliferation and differentiation.
(5) Trace elements
Research is more in-depth zinc, selenium, followed by copper, iron, manganese and so on. The common feature of these five elements is that they play a role in biological antioxidants.
Zinc and immune-related functions: 1 is an essential factor for the maintenance of thymosin activity; 2 is related to the activity of macrophage membrane ATPase, NADPH oxidase in phagocytic cells, etc.; 3 the concentration of zinc in the cells to macrophage activity and phagocytosis The bactericidal ability of neutrophils plays a decisive role; 4 is a cofactor of superoxide dismutase and has an antioxidant function. Promote the production of tumor necrosis factor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
The effects of selenium on immunity are mainly in four aspects: 1Selenium deficiency decreases the activity of glutathione peroxidase in neutrophils and macrophages, reduces the antioxidation capacity of cells, thereby reducing the vitality of immune cells; 2 Selenium through the impact Glutathione peroxidase further regulates 5-lipoxygenase activity. 5-lipoxygenase catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid, and its oxidation products affect the proliferation of lymphocytes; 3 selenium activates NK cells and the surface of target cell membranes, promotes the combination of the two and thereby enhances the killing activity of NK cells; 4 is affected by the selenoprotein pathway Immune Function.
Copper in the body through a number of copper-containing proteins (ceruloplasmin and SOD) regulate inflammatory response and anti-oxidation ability or affect the regulation of inflammatory response factors, enhance the body's immune response. In the absence of copper, the production of T cell-dependent antibodies was suppressed. In addition, copper is also involved in the synthesis of complement.
The mechanism of iron malnutrition affecting immunity may be as follows: (1) Iron deficiency ribonucleotide reductase activity necessary for DNA synthesis and cell proliferation is impaired, affecting DNA and protein synthesis and cell proliferation; 2 iron binding proteins such as iron transfer Protein and lactoferrin itself have a direct bactericidal effect.
Chromium is a component of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF). Studies have shown that chromium can also affect the body's immune function. But so far, the results of research on the effect of chromium supplementation on the immune function of pigs are still inconsistent. Experiments by Lee Dernan et al. (1997) showed that the addition of 400 g/kg chromium to the diet of weanling piglets at 4 weeks of age could increase the antibody titer of piglet pseudorabies virus and increase the lymphocyte transformation rate. The total amount of IgG and immunoglobulin increased.
3Effects of immune status on nutrient metabolism, production performance and nutritional needs of pigs
After the immune system is stimulated by foreign antigens, it induces a series of behavioral and metabolic changes in the animals through the neuro-endocrine-immune system network, thereby affecting the animals' growth and nutritional requirements.
(1) Changes in metabolism of animals caused by activation of the immune system (2) Effects of immune system activation on pig performance
(3) Effect of immune system activation on the nutritional requirements of pigs.
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