Corn rough dwarf disease, commonly referred to as "evergreen corn" or "ginger and corn," can occur from the seedling stage up to the tasseling period. However, it is most likely to affect young plants. The primary symptom of the disease is the formation of white, yellow, or dark brown waxy bumps on the back of the leaf sheath, the base of the leaves, and the upper part of the stem. The earlier the infection occurs, the more severe the damage. Infected seedlings often appear dark green, with reduced root development and stunted growth. These plants typically fail to produce ears, or if they do, the ears are small and poorly developed. In mature plants, the upper internodes become shortened, the ear axis is compressed, and the kernels are small and underdeveloped.
The disease is caused by a virus that cannot be transmitted through seeds, soil, or direct contact. It is only spread by the vector, *Laodelphax striatellus* (the brown planthopper). Several factors contribute to the outbreak of the disease. First, warm winters and early spring temperatures that rise quickly create favorable conditions for the overwintering and reproduction of the planthopper, leading to high infestation levels. Second, fields with many weeds provide ideal habitats for the pests, increasing the likelihood of disease transmission. Third, there is a significant variation in resistance among corn varieties. Hard-grain types are the most resistant, intermediate types are moderately resistant, and horse-tooth types are highly susceptible. Additionally, the combination of a warm winter last year and a severe drought this year has led to a large population of planthoppers, increasing the risk of corn rough dwarf disease in the summer. Therefore, timely prevention and control measures are crucial.
To effectively manage the disease, early intervention is essential. Waiting until symptoms appear before taking action is usually too late. Key preventive measures include: (1) planting disease-resistant varieties, especially hard-grain types. (2) Choosing the right time for sowing to avoid the peak activity of the first generation of *Laodelphax striatellus*, which typically occurs between late May and mid-June. Removing weeds from fields helps reduce the habitat and food sources for the planthopper. (3) Combining herbicides with insecticides, such as adding 30% acephate to the spray mixture, to target planthoppers hiding in wheat straw. (4) Before 80% of the corn plants have emerged, apply 30 grams of acephate (50 ml) mixed with 20 grams of 10% imidacloprid per acre, using 30 kg of water for thorough coverage. When the corn has 2–3 leaves, add growth regulators like Green Wind 95 or Field Helper to the mixture and spray again. This approach can significantly reduce the occurrence of corn rough dwarf disease.
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