With the rapid growth of China's economy and the continuous improvement in living standards, there has been a significant increase in demand for fresh cut flowers. Among these, lilies—particularly Oriental Lilies—are highly favored by consumers due to their large, vibrant blooms, elegant appearance, and pleasant fragrance. After more than three years of extensive cultivation trials, a comprehensive set of annual production techniques for Oriental Lilies in solar greenhouses has been developed and refined.
1. **Solar Greenhouse and Equipment**
The structure of the lily greenhouse is similar to that used for vegetable production. However, for annual lily cultivation, additional features such as fans, wet curtains, and external shading systems are installed. Shade nets are adjusted seasonally: 40–50% in spring and autumn, and 60–75% in summer. Cooling and heating systems are also included to manage temperature fluctuations during extreme weather conditions.
2. **Soil Preparation**
Lilies require soil with high organic matter content, good drainage, and a pH between 5.5 and 6.5, with an EC value of around 1.5 mS/cm. To prevent disease buildup, the soil must be thoroughly disinfected using chloronitrobenzene (5–10 g/m²) and B/P (20–30 g/m²). Before planting, a generous amount of base fertilizer is added—such as 6.5 cubic meters of well-rotted cow manure or 40 cubic meters of peat per 667 square meters, along with 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 15 kg of potassium sulfate. The soil is then tilled to a depth of 30 cm, and crops like sorghum or alfalfa are planted in winter to improve soil quality.
3. **Planting Techniques**
Lily bulbs, often imported from the Netherlands, are thawed at 10–15°C before planting. They should not be exposed to direct sunlight or high temperatures. Once thawed, they can be stored at 0–2°C for up to two weeks or at 2–5°C for one week. Planting depth and spacing vary depending on bulb size, season, and soil type. Winter planting usually involves covering bulbs by 6–8 cm, while summer planting requires deeper coverage (8–10 cm). Soil moisture and temperature must be carefully managed before planting to ensure optimal root development.
4. **Daily Management**
Lilies thrive in temperatures between 15–25°C. In hot summers, cooling measures such as shade nets and wet curtains help maintain ideal conditions. Humidity should be kept between 80–85% to avoid leaf burn. Watering is critical—after planting, water is applied immediately, followed by a second watering after 2–3 days. Fertilization should be done carefully, avoiding excessive nitrogen and focusing on phosphorus and potassium during the middle growth stages. Top-dressing is typically done once the plants reach about 25 cm in height.
Support structures, such as plastic or nylon nets, are installed early to help lilies grow upright. Bud thinning is also important—removing excess buds to promote larger, healthier flowers.
5. **Pest and Disease Control**
Common issues include stem and root rot, which can be controlled by reducing humidity, improving air circulation, and applying fungicides like metalaxyl or carbendazim. Insect pests such as aphids can be treated with imidacloprid or omethoate. Leaf burn can occur due to sudden temperature or humidity changes, so careful management and calcium sprays are recommended. Iron deficiency may also affect some varieties, requiring chelated iron applications either through soil or foliar sprays.
6. **Harvest and Packaging**
Flowers are harvested when at least 5–10 buds are open, ideally in the morning. For bulb reuse, the stem should be cut 20 cm from the base. After harvesting, lilies are graded based on stem length, number of flowers, and firmness. Each bundle contains 10 stems, placed in a plastic bag labeled with the variety and flower count. They are then stored in cool rooms (2–15°C) and transported in perforated boxes to prevent ethylene buildup, which can cause premature wilting.
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