With the rapid growth of China's economy and the continuous improvement in living standards, the demand for fresh cut flowers has significantly increased. Among these, lilies—particularly Oriental Lilies—are highly favored by consumers due to their large, vibrant blooms, elegant appearance, and rich fragrance. After more than three years of experimental cultivation, a comprehensive set of annual production techniques for Oriental Lilies in solar greenhouses has been developed.
1. **Solar Greenhouse and Equipment**
The structure of the lily greenhouse is similar to that used for vegetable production. However, for annual cultivation, it is equipped with fans, wet curtains, and external shading systems (shade nets are adjusted seasonally—40-50% in spring and autumn, 60-75% in summer) for cooling, as well as heating systems to manage cold weather in winter.
2. **Soil Preparation**
Lilies require soil with high organic matter content, good drainage, and a pH between 5.5 and 6.5, with an EC value of around 1.5 mS/cm. To prevent disease from continuous cropping, the soil must be thoroughly disinfected using chloronitrobenzene (5–10 g/m²) and B/P (20–30 g/m²). Before planting, apply 6.5 cubic meters of mature cow manure or 40 cubic meters of peat per 667 square meters, along with 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 15 kg of potassium sulfate. The soil should be tilled to 30 cm depth, and in winter, sorghum or alfalfa can be planted between rows to improve soil fertility.
3. **Planting Techniques**
Oriental Lily bulbs, often imported from the Netherlands, are usually shipped frozen. They should be thawed at 10–15°C before planting and stored at 0–2°C for up to two weeks, avoiding freezing. Planting depth varies depending on bulb size and season: 6–8 cm in winter, 8–10 cm in summer. Soil type also influences depth—clay soils are shallower, while loose soils need deeper planting. Planting density depends on bulb size and season; avoid overcrowding during low-light periods.
Before planting, ensure the soil is moist and cool (below 15°C), as the ideal root development temperature is 12–14°C. Maintain this condition until roots emerge.
4. **Daily Management**
Lilies thrive in temperatures of 15–25°C, with daytime temperatures up to 25°C. If below 10°C, growth slows. In hot summers, use shade nets, fans, and wet curtains to maintain optimal conditions and prevent short stems and poor flower quality. Humidity should remain between 80–85%, avoiding sudden changes that may cause leaf burn.
Watering is crucial. After planting, water immediately, then again after 2–3 days, and once more after 5–7 days. Adjust based on soil moisture and weather. Use drip or spray irrigation for efficiency. Fertilize carefully, avoiding fluorine or alkaline fertilizers. Apply chemical fertilizers when plants reach about 25 cm, increasing phosphorus and potassium in mid-growth and reducing nitrogen. After cutting, apply phosphorus and potassium-rich fertilizers to promote bulb development.
Support nets (15–20 cm grid) are installed early, fixed every 2 meters with poles 80–100 cm above ground. Remove excess buds when they reach 0.5 cm, retaining 4 healthy ones.
5. **Pest and Disease Control**
Diseases like stem and root rot can be managed by controlling humidity, improving air circulation, and applying fungicides such as 25% metalaxyl WP (800x) or 25% carbendazim WP (600x).
Insect pests like aphids can be controlled with insecticides such as 10% imidacloprid (800x) or 40% omethoate (1500x). Weeds should be removed promptly.
Physiological issues like leaf burn can occur due to temperature fluctuations or poor root development. Monitor closely and apply calcium fertilizer if needed. Iron deficiency causes yellowing between veins; treat with chelated iron (3–5 g/m² in soil or 800–1000x foliar spray).
6. **Harvest and Packaging**
Harvest when at least 5–10 buds are colored, or 1–2 if fewer. Harvest early in the morning. For bulb reuse, cut 20 cm from the base without damaging leaves. For market, cut according to customer needs.
After harvesting, sort by number of buds, stem length, and flower firmness. Trim 10 cm from the base, bundle 10 lilies together, place in a bag, and label with variety and flower count. Store in plastic buckets filled with clean water, keeping the room temperature between 2–15°C.
During transport, use perforated boxes to allow ventilation and reduce ethylene buildup, which can cause premature aging and flower drop.
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