(a) Environmental Facility Requirements. For optimal cattle growth, the temperature should be maintained between 10-25°C. Since the animals are housed in enclosed facilities, it is essential to ensure good lighting, efficient drainage, adequate ventilation, and effective insulation. The facility must also support easy disinfection, temperature and humidity control, fly and rodent management, and maintain a quiet environment free from noise, water contamination, and air pollution.
(b) Requirements for Incoming Calves. Healthy yaks aged between 5 to 6 months with a weaning weight of approximately 200 kg are ideal. Crossbreeds such as Angus, Limousin, Charolais, Simmental, and Piedmont are recommended for better growth performance. Before introducing the calves into the pens, the area should be thoroughly disinfected. Additionally, the calves should be sprayed with 0.3% peracetic acid to clean their bodies, followed by treatment with a 2% trichlorfon solution to repel external parasites.
(iii) Management During the Adaptation Period. The adaptation period typically lasts 15-20 days. During this time, the diet should be gradually adjusted to include easily digestible grasses, and the calves' feeding behavior and activity levels should be closely monitored. On day 7, an insect nematode treatment at a dose of 0.1 g/kg body weight should be administered. If ectoparasites are present, trichlorfon at 40 mg/kg can be given on the 7th day after deworming. Starting from the 5th day, small amounts of salt (30g), urea (20-60g), ruminin (40-60g), and distiller’s grains (2-7kg) should be added to each cow's feed, gradually increasing over time. These ingredients should be mixed with other feeds into a moist mixture, and no water should be provided within 1.5 hours of feeding. If ammoniated feed is not available, alternative options like micro-feeds or ammoniated roughage can be used. Regular vaccination and disease prevention measures should also be implemented during this period.
(D) Feeding and Management During the Fattening Period. The fattening phase lasts 11-13 months, with the first stage up to 250 kg and the second stage beyond that. During this time, a single fertilizer can be applied to improve meat quality and meet international export standards. Cattle should be limited in movement to reduce energy expenditure. Feeding should occur twice daily—at 6 AM and 6 PM—with coarse feed offered first, followed by concentrate feed. Water temperature should not be below 4°C. Rations should be formulated based on the nutritional needs of the cattle at different growth stages, and any changes should be introduced gradually over 2-3 days. Throughout the fattening process, it's important to monitor feed intake and digestion to detect and resolve issues promptly. Preventing conditions such as acidosis and ammonia poisoning is crucial. If symptoms like restlessness, eye twitching, or excessive salivation appear within an hour of eating, immediate administration of diuretic drugs is necessary. A pH test using litmus paper should be conducted on the rumen and urine (normal urine pH is 7.7-8.7). If the urine is alkaline, administer 500 ml of vinegar and 500-1000 ml of sugar water. If the urine is acidic, give 200g of baking soda and 500 ml of water. Additional treatments such as intravenous fluids, gastric lavage, or laxatives may also be required.
(five) Diet Formulation. Based on the nutritional requirements of each growth stage and local feed availability, the following rations are recommended:
1. For cattle weighing 150-200 kg: 1 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, 3 kg corn stalks, 10 kg EM straw fermentation agent, 50 g urea, 40 g salt, 20 g calcium hydrogen phosphate, 15 g sodium sulfate, and 60 mg rumen.
2. For cattle weighing 200-250 kg: 2.9 kg straw, 2.6 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, and 10 kg EM straw fermentation agent.
3. For cattle weighing 250-300 kg: 2.9 kg corn stalks, 2.6 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, less than 10 kg EM straw fermentation agent, 100 g urea, 65 g salt, 10 g calcium hydrogen phosphate, 30 g sodium sulfate, and 160 mg rumen.
4. For cattle weighing 300-400 kg: 2.3 kg straw, 5.7 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, 10 kg EM straw fermentation agent, 125 g urea, 90 g salt, 37.5 g sodium sulfate, 5 g calcium hydrogen phosphate, and 240 mg rumen.
5. For cattle weighing 400-500 kg: 2.3 kg corn stover, 5.7 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, and 10 kg EM straw fermentation agent.
In the above formulas, the coarse corn stalks in groups 1, 3, and 5 can be treated with ammonia or EM straw fermentation agents. Additionally, high-quality artificial pasture or silage should be added to supplement any nutrient deficiencies. Distiller’s grains should make up one-quarter of the total diet, while the remaining portion consists of other feedstuffs. All ingredients used in the diet should be safe, free from chemicals, and pesticide-free.
(6) Processing and Modulation of Roughage
1. Ammonia Treatment of Roughage: Straw without mold should be cut into 5-7 cm lengths. Add 10-30 kg of urea and 10 kg of EM straw fermenting agent per ton of straw. Spray the solution evenly with enough water to moisten the material. Seal the pile tightly, either in a covered pit or wrapped in plastic bags. At temperatures above 20°C, the treated straw can be used after 7 days. At lower temperatures (below 7°C), it may take about 2 weeks. After use, the straw should be sealed again to maintain quality.
2. Microbial Treatment of Feedstuffs: Using EM straw fermenting agent as an example, the process involves chopping the straw into 5-7 cm pieces. For every 3 tons of straw, mix 15 kg of EM straw fermenting agent with 1000 kg of 40°C hot saltwater (4%) and let it sit for 1 hour before spraying onto the material. Adjust moisture content to 65%—the material should feel damp but not wet. Then, pack it into a container or bag, cover it with an anaerobic plastic sheet, and allow it to ferment for 20-30 days at temperatures above 5°C. After fermentation, seal the plastic to preserve the product. This fermented feed can be stored for up to 2 years without degradation.
(seven) Timely Slaughter. After 11-13 months of proper feeding, cattle should reach a weight of around 500 kg and be ready for market. No growth implants or long-acting veterinary drugs should be used within 90 days of slaughter to ensure meat quality and compliance with international standards.
Integrated Roughness Profilometer
Roughness Profilometer, also known as surface roughness meter, surface smoothness meter, surface roughness tester, roughness measurement meter, roughness tester, and other names. It has the characteristics of high measurement accuracy, wide measurement range, easy operation, portability, and stable operation. It can be widely used for the detection of various metal and non-metal processing surfaces. This instrument is a pocket instrument that integrates sensors and hosts, with handheld characteristics, making it more suitable for use in production sites. The exterior design is sturdy and durable, with significant resistance to electromagnetic interference, in line with current design trends.
The application fields of roughness meters include:
1. Mechanical processing and manufacturing industry, mainly metal processing and manufacturing. Roughness meters were originally developed to detect the surface roughness of machined parts. Especially, stylus type roughness measuring instruments are more suitable for detecting hard metal surfaces. For example, the automotive parts processing and manufacturing industry, the mechanical parts processing and manufacturing industry, and so on. As long as these processing and manufacturing industries involve the surface quality of workpieces, the detection application of roughness meters is essential.
2. In the non-metallic processing and manufacturing industry, with the progress and development of technology, more and more new materials are applied to processing processes, such as ceramics, plastics, polyethylene, etc. Some bearings are now made of special ceramic materials, and pump valves are made of polyethylene materials. These materials have a hard texture, and some applications can replace metal materials to make workpieces. During production and processing, their surface roughness also needs to be tested.
3. With the continuous strengthening and improvement of the technology and functions of roughness meters, as well as their in-depth promotion and application, more and more industries have been found to require roughness detection. In addition to mechanical processing and manufacturing, roughness evaluation is also required in the production and processing of power, communication, electronics, such as couplings on switches, integrated circuit semiconductors, and even stationery, tableware, and other products used in people's daily lives The surface roughness of human teeth needs to be tested.
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