(a) Environmental Facility Requirements. Cattle thrive in a temperature range of 10-25°C. In closed housing systems, it is essential to ensure adequate lighting, efficient drainage, proper ventilation, and effective insulation. The facilities should also support easy disinfection, temperature and humidity control, fly and rodent management, and maintain a quiet environment free from water and air pollution.
(b) Requirements for Incoming Calves. Healthy yaks aged between 5 and 6 months with a weaning weight of approximately 200 kg are ideal for rearing. Crossbreeds such as Angus, Limousin, Charolais, Simmental, and Piedmont are recommended. Before introducing the calves into the pens, the area must be disinfected. The calves should also be sprayed with 0.3% peroxyacetic acid to disinfect their bodies. A 2% trichlorfon solution is used to repel internal parasites after the calves are introduced.
(iii) Management During the Adaptation Period. The adaptation period typically lasts 15-20 days. During this time, the diet should be gradually adjusted to include easily digestible grass, and the animals’ feeding and behavior should be closely monitored. On day 7, insecticides such as insect nematodes can be administered at a dose of 0.1 g per kilogram of body weight. If ectoparasites are present, trichlorfon at 40 mg/kg should be given on day 7 post-treatment. Starting from day 5, small amounts of salt, urea, rumen buffer, and distiller’s grains should be added to each cow’s diet, gradually increasing over time. These ingredients should be mixed with other feed and not consumed with water within 1.5 hours. If urea is not used, ammoniated feeds or micro-feed alternatives can replace roughage. Regular vaccination and disease prevention measures are crucial during this phase.
(D) Feeding and Management During the Fattening Period. The fattening period usually lasts 11-13 months. Cattle are initially fed up to 250 kg before entering the final fattening stage. During this time, a balanced ration is provided, ensuring meat quality meets international export standards. Activity should be limited, and feeding occurs twice daily—once in the morning and once in the evening. Coarse feed is offered first, followed by concentrates, with water temperature maintained above 4°C. Rations should be adjusted according to the nutritional needs of the cattle, and any changes should be introduced gradually over 2-3 days. Continuous monitoring of feed intake and digestion is necessary to detect and resolve issues promptly. Preventing conditions like acidosis and urea poisoning is critical. If symptoms such as anxiety, eye twitching, or excessive salivation occur within an hour of eating, immediate treatment with cardiac diuretics is required. Urine pH testing (normal range: 7.7–8.7) helps assess rumen health. If urine is too alkaline, vinegar and sugar water may be administered; if acidic, soda water and water are used instead. Additional treatments such as gastric lavage and laxatives may also be needed.
(five) Diet Formulation. Based on the nutritional requirements and local feed availability, the following rations are recommended:
1. For cattle weighing 150-200 kg: 1 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, 3 kg corn stalks, 10 kg EM straw fermenting agent, 50 g urea, 40 g salt, 20 g calcium hydrogen phosphate, 15 g sodium sulfate, and 60 mg rumen buffer.
2. For cattle weighing 200-250 kg: 2.9 kg straw, 2.6 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, and 10 kg EM straw fermenting agent.
3. For cattle weighing 250-300 kg: 2.9 kg corn stalks, 2.6 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, less than 10 kg EM straw fermenting agent, 100 g urea, 65 g salt, 10 g calcium hydrogen phosphate, 30 g sodium sulfate, and 160 mg rumen buffer.
4. For cattle weighing 300-400 kg: 2.3 kg straw, 5.7 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, 10 kg EM straw fermenting agent, 125 g urea, 90 g salt, 37.5 g sodium sulfate, 5 g calcium hydrogen phosphate, and 240 mg rumen buffer.
5. For cattle weighing 400-500 kg: 2.3 kg corn stover, 5.7 kg corn, 1 kg soybean meal, and 10 kg EM straw fermenting agent.
In these formulations, coarse corn stalks from groups 1, 3, and 5 can be treated with ammonia or EM straw fermentation agents. High-quality artificial pasture or silage should be added to compensate for nutrient deficiencies. Distiller’s grains should make up one-fourth of the total diet. All feed components must be safe, free from chemicals and pesticides, and suitable for cattle consumption.
(6) Processing and Preparation of Roughage
1. Ammonia Treatment of Roughage: Straw without mold should be cut into 5-7 cm pieces. For every ton of straw, add 10-30 kg of urea and 10 kg of EM straw fermenting agent, along with enough water to evenly spray the material. After compacting, the straw should be sealed in a pool or plastic bags. At temperatures above 20°C, it can be used after 7 days. At lower temperatures (below 7°C), it may take up to 2 weeks. Once ready, the material should remain sealed until use.
2. Microbial Treatment of Feed: Using the EM straw fermenting agent as an example, the process involves chopping the straw into 5-7 cm pieces. For every 3 tons of straw, mix 15 kg of EM straw fermenting agent with 1000 kg of 40°C hot salt water (at 4%) and let it sit for 1 hour. Spray the mixture onto the straw to achieve a moisture content of 65%. Seal the material in a pool or bag and allow anaerobic fermentation under a non-toxic plastic cover. At temperatures above 5°C, the fermented feed can be used after 20-30 days. After opening, the plastic cover should be resealed. This fermented feed can be stored for up to two years without degradation.
(seven) Timely Slaughter. After 11-13 months of fattening, cattle should reach a weight of around 500 kg before being sent to market. No growth implants or long-acting veterinary drugs should be used within 90 days prior to slaughter to ensure meat safety and compliance with export standards.
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