In recent years, with the adjustment of the agricultural industry structure and people's further understanding of the role of grape nutrition and health care, the development of fresh grape has steadily increased and the market prospects are promising. However, currently there are many problems such as excessive fruit retention and extensive management in the production of table grapes, resulting in low overall grape fruit quality, low commodity value, and high yield. In order to produce high-quality, high-grade fruit, enhance market competitiveness, and increase economic efficiency, growers must attach great importance to the management of flowers and fruits while strengthening management. Comprehensive experience and the author's many years of practice, will improve the grape fruit quality management techniques are described below.
1, determine the reasonable load
A reasonable load helps improve the quality of the fruit, maintain the tree vigor, stabilize the yield, and obtain high benefits. At present, there are problems in the production of pupu due to the excessive quantity of fruit left behind, resulting in quality deterioration, delay in maturity, resistance to storage and transportation, and poor maturation of vines, affecting economic efficiency to varying degrees.
According to the actual situation of the current production, the grape's results can be roughly classified into three categories. Light load: the output index is within the load capacity of the grape plant and below the full load line; full load; the output index has reached the upper limit of the plant negative lifting capacity; overload: the output index has reached the upper limit of the plant burden capacity; overload: output The indicator has exceeded the affordability of the plant itself. To produce high-quality fresh grapes, the output indicators should be set on the light load standard, generally about 2000 kg per mu, and the specific load will depend on the variety, tree heat and corresponding management measures.
After the reasonable load is determined, it should be adjusted through several measures of winter cutting, brushing and fixing. In order to ensure the production of high-quality fruit, it is also necessary to strictly implement flower and fruit management measures such as flowering, fruit shaping, and fruit shredding.
2. Flower and fruit management technology
2.1 Thinning
Sparsely flowering refers to the removal of redundant inflorescences. It should be based on the principle of weak shoots leaving no inflorescence, leaving 1 shoot in the shoot, and 2 shoots in the strong shoot. If the sparseness is still too much, only one part of the strong tip can be left and part of the tip is left as a preparation tip. When sparse, pay attention to sparse inflorescences and super-large inflorescences first, and try to make the size of the retained inflorescences basically the same. The time of flowering should be timely when it can identify the size of the inflorescence.
2.2 Ear shaping
The ear shaping allows the grapes to be uniform in size and size, making them easy to wear and enhance the value of the product. First, the spikes with the largest number of appearances and the same size as the spikes should be used as the spikes of the variety after being trimmed as standard spikes, and then the other ear should be shaped according to the standard. For the large ear, first cut the spike and tip, and then remove the tip of the first and second branches; in addition to the extra large spike, cut the first spike and the tip of the spike, you can cut off the first branch or one or two. Branches. The ear shaping should be fully developed in the inflorescence. The branches have been stretched, the shape and size of the inflorescence have been fixed and completed before flowering.
2.3 Shunsui, panicle and panicle
Shun Sui is carried out after the Xiehua, combined with the vines to straighten the fruit that rests on the wire or the vine to straighten the space under the scaffold or the space on the fence. At the same time, the ear was gently shaken several times, and the dried and poorly fertilized granules were shaken off. Shun in the afternoon in the afternoon; the ear is most suitable, so the spikes are soft and not easily broken. After the spike is developed into the size of the soybean, the branches crossed on the ear are separated, so that each branch and each fruit have a certain order and gap between them, which is beneficial to the development and enlargement of the fruit, and is also convenient. Cut out the diseased grains and spray evenly. It is obvious that the spike has a large effect on the spike and the fruit is closely planted.
2.4 thinning fruit
The sparse fruit grain is an indispensable measure to ensure that the grape fruit is fully enlarged and dense, neat and beautiful, and improves quality. The commercial production of foreign grapes takes this task very seriously. In the management of table grapes cultivated in China, it is rare, and it should be promoted and implemented in the future.
Standards and time for fruit thinning: for longan, rose, aroma, milk and other varieties, large ear can leave 90-100 fruit, ear weight about 500-600g; medium ear can stay 60-80, ear weight 400 -500g. Kyoho can leave 30-50 grains per panicle and weigh 350-500 g per panicle; cane vine and Izu brocade can be controlled at 25-30 grains per panicle, and the panicle weight is 400-500g. When sparse fruit grains, sparse small fruit pieces and deformed fruit pieces first, and then sparsely squeezed out normal grains of densely packed fruits. For varieties with large fruit density, some small branches of the densely pressed parts of the fruit may be removed first, followed by singling; single grains with sparsely large grains, such as Kyoho, are mainly sparsely seeded, and they may be dredged if necessary. In addition to a small number of small branches. The sparse fruit grains are safer after the grapes fall.
2.5 Ear Spoons and Hooded Umbrellas
Ear bagging is an important measure to improve the appearance quality of table grapes, which can prevent pests and birds from harming and contamination of pesticides and dust, and reduce the number of sprayings. The bagging should be carried out after the grapes have dredged the fruit, and the number of spraying should be before the set. The bagging should be carried out after the grapes have dredged the fruit, and the fungicide should be sprayed on the bag before the set. The bag must be tight. Colored varieties should be bagged 10-15 days before maturity, and if there is bird damage, only the lower half of the paper bag can be torn off. For paper bags and plastic film bags with good luminosity, and red and yellow varieties that can be well-colored inside the bags, there is no need to remove bags in advance.
The fruit cover umbrella can prevent sunburn and bird damage, and also has a good effect on preventing dust pollution and preventing anthrax. Although the protective effect of the protective cover of the fruit cover is not as good as that of the bagging, because the ear is not completely closed, spraying and inspection of the ear are convenient. Paper umbrellas are generally made of good translucent paper. The paper is cut into two or four pieces according to the size of the ear. Cut along the long side of the middle line to 1/3, and cut the mouth to the outside of the grape spike to make the two sides. Overlapped like an umbrella, then pinned with two pins. The time to put the umbrella in the ear is better when the length of the fruit grows to half of its original size.
1, determine the reasonable load
A reasonable load helps improve the quality of the fruit, maintain the tree vigor, stabilize the yield, and obtain high benefits. At present, there are problems in the production of pupu due to the excessive quantity of fruit left behind, resulting in quality deterioration, delay in maturity, resistance to storage and transportation, and poor maturation of vines, affecting economic efficiency to varying degrees.
According to the actual situation of the current production, the grape's results can be roughly classified into three categories. Light load: the output index is within the load capacity of the grape plant and below the full load line; full load; the output index has reached the upper limit of the plant negative lifting capacity; overload: the output index has reached the upper limit of the plant burden capacity; overload: output The indicator has exceeded the affordability of the plant itself. To produce high-quality fresh grapes, the output indicators should be set on the light load standard, generally about 2000 kg per mu, and the specific load will depend on the variety, tree heat and corresponding management measures.
After the reasonable load is determined, it should be adjusted through several measures of winter cutting, brushing and fixing. In order to ensure the production of high-quality fruit, it is also necessary to strictly implement flower and fruit management measures such as flowering, fruit shaping, and fruit shredding.
2. Flower and fruit management technology
2.1 Thinning
Sparsely flowering refers to the removal of redundant inflorescences. It should be based on the principle of weak shoots leaving no inflorescence, leaving 1 shoot in the shoot, and 2 shoots in the strong shoot. If the sparseness is still too much, only one part of the strong tip can be left and part of the tip is left as a preparation tip. When sparse, pay attention to sparse inflorescences and super-large inflorescences first, and try to make the size of the retained inflorescences basically the same. The time of flowering should be timely when it can identify the size of the inflorescence.
2.2 Ear shaping
The ear shaping allows the grapes to be uniform in size and size, making them easy to wear and enhance the value of the product. First, the spikes with the largest number of appearances and the same size as the spikes should be used as the spikes of the variety after being trimmed as standard spikes, and then the other ear should be shaped according to the standard. For the large ear, first cut the spike and tip, and then remove the tip of the first and second branches; in addition to the extra large spike, cut the first spike and the tip of the spike, you can cut off the first branch or one or two. Branches. The ear shaping should be fully developed in the inflorescence. The branches have been stretched, the shape and size of the inflorescence have been fixed and completed before flowering.
2.3 Shunsui, panicle and panicle
Shun Sui is carried out after the Xiehua, combined with the vines to straighten the fruit that rests on the wire or the vine to straighten the space under the scaffold or the space on the fence. At the same time, the ear was gently shaken several times, and the dried and poorly fertilized granules were shaken off. Shun in the afternoon in the afternoon; the ear is most suitable, so the spikes are soft and not easily broken. After the spike is developed into the size of the soybean, the branches crossed on the ear are separated, so that each branch and each fruit have a certain order and gap between them, which is beneficial to the development and enlargement of the fruit, and is also convenient. Cut out the diseased grains and spray evenly. It is obvious that the spike has a large effect on the spike and the fruit is closely planted.
2.4 thinning fruit
The sparse fruit grain is an indispensable measure to ensure that the grape fruit is fully enlarged and dense, neat and beautiful, and improves quality. The commercial production of foreign grapes takes this task very seriously. In the management of table grapes cultivated in China, it is rare, and it should be promoted and implemented in the future.
Standards and time for fruit thinning: for longan, rose, aroma, milk and other varieties, large ear can leave 90-100 fruit, ear weight about 500-600g; medium ear can stay 60-80, ear weight 400 -500g. Kyoho can leave 30-50 grains per panicle and weigh 350-500 g per panicle; cane vine and Izu brocade can be controlled at 25-30 grains per panicle, and the panicle weight is 400-500g. When sparse fruit grains, sparse small fruit pieces and deformed fruit pieces first, and then sparsely squeezed out normal grains of densely packed fruits. For varieties with large fruit density, some small branches of the densely pressed parts of the fruit may be removed first, followed by singling; single grains with sparsely large grains, such as Kyoho, are mainly sparsely seeded, and they may be dredged if necessary. In addition to a small number of small branches. The sparse fruit grains are safer after the grapes fall.
2.5 Ear Spoons and Hooded Umbrellas
Ear bagging is an important measure to improve the appearance quality of table grapes, which can prevent pests and birds from harming and contamination of pesticides and dust, and reduce the number of sprayings. The bagging should be carried out after the grapes have dredged the fruit, and the number of spraying should be before the set. The bagging should be carried out after the grapes have dredged the fruit, and the fungicide should be sprayed on the bag before the set. The bag must be tight. Colored varieties should be bagged 10-15 days before maturity, and if there is bird damage, only the lower half of the paper bag can be torn off. For paper bags and plastic film bags with good luminosity, and red and yellow varieties that can be well-colored inside the bags, there is no need to remove bags in advance.
The fruit cover umbrella can prevent sunburn and bird damage, and also has a good effect on preventing dust pollution and preventing anthrax. Although the protective effect of the protective cover of the fruit cover is not as good as that of the bagging, because the ear is not completely closed, spraying and inspection of the ear are convenient. Paper umbrellas are generally made of good translucent paper. The paper is cut into two or four pieces according to the size of the ear. Cut along the long side of the middle line to 1/3, and cut the mouth to the outside of the grape spike to make the two sides. Overlapped like an umbrella, then pinned with two pins. The time to put the umbrella in the ear is better when the length of the fruit grows to half of its original size.
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