Black spot is a bacterial disease caused by *Pseudomonas* species. Once the disease occurs, the caps of the mushrooms develop oval-shaped brown or dark brown spots. Initially, these lesions appear as small, needle-like spots that gradually grow in size, reaching 2 to 4 mm in diameter. The edges are usually neat, and in some cases, the cap may crack. This condition can significantly affect the quality and marketability of the mushrooms.
To control black spot, maintaining optimal temperature and humidity levels is crucial. When watering the mushroom house, avoid directly spraying water onto the fruiting bodies of *E. velutipes*. Cold water should never be used, as it can increase moisture stress on the mushrooms. The humidity inside the growing area should not remain above 90% for extended periods. Adjust your watering schedule based on weather conditions—water lightly and frequently on sunny days, and reduce or stop watering during rainy periods. After each watering, ensure proper ventilation before re-covering the plastic film. During the fruiting stage, keep the indoor temperature below 17°C. As soon as symptoms appear, remove the affected mushrooms and apply a solution containing 100–200 units of streptomycin or 600-fold diluted bleaching powder per milliliter.
Rust spot is another fungal-like disease, also caused by *Pseudomonas* spp., which primarily affects the caps of the mushrooms. In the early stages, the lesions start as small, needle-like spots and then expand to the size of sesame seeds. Unlike black spot, the edges of the lesions are irregular, and multiple spots may merge into larger, irregular rust-colored patches.
For prevention and control of rust spot, avoid direct spraying on the fruiting bodies when misting the growing area. Ensure good air circulation after each watering. The relative humidity should not exceed 95% for long periods. If the surface of the spawn bag becomes covered with plastic film, allow it to dry completely before proceeding. In the early stages of infection, prevent the spread of the pathogen by isolating affected mushrooms. Apply a 50% carbendazim solution diluted 800 times, or use a solution containing 100–200 units of agricultural streptomycin per milliliter.
By implementing these management practices, you can effectively reduce the occurrence and impact of both black spot and rust spot diseases in your mushroom cultivation. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are key to maintaining healthy and high-quality mushroom production.
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