In recent years, sea cucumber farming in northern China has become a vital part of the aquaculture industry. Various methods of pond culture and artificial reef materials have been adopted, but their effectiveness varies significantly. Especially in ponds with soft mud bottoms, problems such as aging, difficulty in dredging, low survival rates, slow growth, and disease outbreaks have hindered the sustainable development of sea cucumber farming. This has posed a major challenge for local farmers.
In 2003, a farmer in the ginseng area experimented with using woven fabric to create artificial reefs in a 100-mu mud-rich pond. They planted 4,000 seedlings per mu, with each seedling weighing about 1,000 heads per kilogram. The cultivation was carried out until May 2004, when they harvested an average of 200 kg of fresh sea cucumbers per mu, achieving a survival rate of 40%. The experiment was successful and effectively addressed the challenges of raising sea cucumbers in soft sediment ponds. Based on this experience, the technique was further refined and promoted.
By 2004, the technology had been applied to 2,000 mu, yielding excellent results. As the technology improved and the scale expanded, the economic benefits increased steadily. By the end of 2006, the area under this method had exceeded 40,000 mu, leading to the emergence of many specialized households and significant social and economic benefits.
The woven cloth reef culture technique is briefly described as follows:
First, the woven cloth reefs are made from fabric that is 8 meters wide and as long as the pond. After the fabric is prepared, the bottom of the pond is tiled and weighted down with stones. Small pieces of 5cm x 8cm are used to create floats, which help form a vertical wall 1 meter high on one side. These walls are spaced 4 meters apart and aligned parallel to the inlet and outlet gates. Between these walls, various "undulating" shapes are created using the woven fabric, forming artificial reefs. Stones are placed below to stabilize them. These structures provide sea cucumbers with ideal habitats for feeding, growing, and hibernation, while also promoting the growth of benthic diatoms, which serve as a natural food source. Additionally, the woven fabric on the flat bottom helps prevent the invasion of harmful organisms, improves survival rates, and reduces the accumulation of harmful substances in the pond, thus stabilizing water quality.
Second, the steps for setting up the woven cloth reefs include: (1) Preparing the fabric according to the pond size, connecting the bottom and vertical walls, and attaching floating foam to the vertical walls. (2) In spring and autumn, draining the pond as much as possible, laying the sewn fabric on the bottom, pressing it with stones, and placing different-shaped artificial reefs between the vertical walls, with stones placed underneath. (3) After leveling the pond and building the reefs, the water level is raised to 0.8–1.0 meters to cultivate water quality and promote the growth of benthic diatoms, providing sufficient nutrition for the seedlings.
Third, during the management phase: (1) Within 15–20 days after planting, the vertical walls and artificial reefs begin to show a large number of benthic diatoms. Healthy seedlings without pathogens should be selected, with a size of 400–600 heads per kilogram, and 4,000–5,000 seedlings per mu. (2) Water levels are maintained at 0.8–1.0 meters in spring and autumn to promote diatom growth, and above 1.5 meters in summer and winter to stabilize water temperature. Regular water exchange is essential to remove harmful substances, bring in fresh seawater, and improve the environment for sea cucumber growth. (3) Daily monitoring of water quality and recording any abnormalities for prompt action. (4) Harvesting occurs when the seed size reaches 400–600 heads per kilogram, typically after 1 to 1.5 years of cultivation. After harvesting, the ponds are disinfected for the next cycle.
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