Pineapple heart rot is a common and serious disease that occurs in pineapple plantations shortly after planting. Once the disease takes hold, it spreads quickly and can lead to significant economic losses. The following text provides an overview of the symptoms, causes, infection cycle, conditions for outbreaks, and control measures for pineapple heart rot.
First, the symptoms:
The disease primarily affects young seedlings but can also occur in mature plants. Initially, the affected leaves remain green, but they appear dark and dull, while the heart of the plant turns yellowish-white and is easily pulled out. At this stage, the disease is often hard to detect. Over time, the leaves begin to yellow or turn brown at the tips, and the base of the leaves develops a water-soaked, brown rot. The affected tissue becomes soft and cheese-like, with a dark brown border between the diseased and healthy parts. Secondary bacterial infections cause a foul odor, and the entire plant eventually dies.
Second, the pathogen:
The primary pathogens responsible for pineapple heart rot are believed to be three in number. These include two species of fungi—*Phytophthora* spp. and *Pythium* spp.—and one type of bacterial pathogen, *Eubacterium* spp.
Third, the infection cycle:
The two fungal pathogens can survive in the soil over winter, while the bacterial pathogen may be introduced through infected insects. The bacteria typically enter the plant through the rhizome area near the roots and stem junction, leading to the onset of the disease. Infected tissues produce spores that are spread by rain splash, enabling repeated infections and further spreading of the disease.
Fourth, the conditions for outbreaks:
1. The disease is most prevalent during hot and rainy seasons, especially after autumn planting when heavy rains frequently occur.
2. Soils that are heavy or poorly drained, particularly those prone to waterlogging, create ideal conditions for the disease to develop.
Fifth, prevention and control methods:
1. Since the disease is most severe during the rainy season, especially right after planting, it's essential to carefully select healthy seedlings. Allow them to dry for a period before planting, and ensure good drainage. Avoid planting in low-lying or humid areas.
2. Before planting, treat the seedlings by removing a few lower leaves, then dip them in a solution of 25% carbendazim wettable powder diluted 800–1000 times for 10–15 minutes. Afterward, let them dry upside down before replanting.
3. Be cautious when weeding to avoid damaging the base of the leaves.
4. Apply fertilizers wisely, avoiding excessive nitrogen, which can weaken the plant's resistance.
5. When the disease first appears, spray 50% carbendazim WP at 1000–1500 times dilution, or 70% thiophene at 1000–1500 times, or 50% benomyl at 1500 times. The recommended spray volume is about 125 kg per acre. Immediately remove and burn any infected plants. Replace the soil in the affected area with fresh soil, disinfect it with lime, and then replant with healthy seedlings.
By implementing these preventive and control measures, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of pineapple heart rot and protect their crops from devastating losses.
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