It is essential to ensure that the crude fiber in straw is effectively broken down through the action of ammonia over a specific period. The fermentation time for ammoniated straw should be adjusted based on seasonal temperature conditions. Typically, at around 20°C, it takes about 25 days for the straw to be properly treated. In winter, it's recommended to store the straw for more than 40 days to achieve optimal results.
To assess the quality of ammoniated straw, sensory evaluation is the primary method. High-quality ammoniated straw appears brownish in color, has a distinct ammonia odor, and feels soft to the touch. In contrast, immature straw looks similar to regular straw, with no strong smell or noticeable texture change. Over time, older straw may darken and lose its ammonia scent. If the plastic covering leaks, the straw can become moldy, turning white, gray, or even black, and develop a sticky, clumpy texture with a foul smell. Such straw should never be used as animal feed.
When feeding ammoniated straw, there is no need to add water, and the feeding process is similar to that of regular straw—start by allowing animals to eat freely. Due to its high palatability, most cattle enjoy it greatly and can fully replace non-ammoniated straw. However, some animals may be sensitive to ammonia, so it's advisable to mix 1/3 to 1/2 of untreated straw initially. The amount of ammoniated straw should not exceed 40% to 60% of the total forage to avoid overloading the digestive system.
Before feeding, it's important to release any remaining ammonia gas and remove the straw from the storage pool. Let it cool down and air out for 10 to 12 hours on sunny days, or for over 24 hours on cloudy or rainy days. After treatment, the straw should have a mild ammonia smell without irritating the eyes or nose. Avoid drying it too much, as this can reduce its nutritional value. After each use, the storage tank must be sealed tightly. Ammoniated straw can be stored for long periods, but regular checks are necessary to prevent damage from rodents, humans, animals, or weather-related issues like wind or rain. Any holes in the plastic sheeting should be promptly repaired with tape.
Combining ammoniated straw with other feeds can enhance its energy and non-protein nitrogen content. When feeding, it’s important to balance it with non-degradable protein sources such as soybean meal, cottonseed cake, or distillers’ grains. Including vitamin- and mineral-rich feeds helps maintain the metabolic balance of the animals.
Ammoniated straw is suitable only for ruminants like cattle and sheep, significantly improving the utilization of straw. It is not recommended for pigs or young calves and lambs, as their rumen microbial systems are not yet fully developed. Caution is advised when using it for these animals.
Regular observation and adjustments are crucial. If signs of improper feeding occur—such as reduced or stopped rumination, excessive salivation, restlessness, trembling, or unsteady gait—it may indicate ammonia poisoning. In such cases, stop feeding immediately and move the animal to a well-ventilated shaded area. Administer 1 kg of vinegar, 0.5 kg of sugar, and 3 to 5 kg of water via gavage to alleviate symptoms. Most cases can be resolved quickly with these measures.
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