Freshwater aquaculture involves raising crabs, green shrimp, and species like *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* and *Penaeus vannamei*. However, these ponds often face challenges from wild fish such as small fish, squid, and loaches. These unwanted species compete with the farmed crustaceans for food, leading to lower feed efficiency and slower growth rates. Traditionally, sodium pentachlorophenol was used to eliminate these wild fish, but it was highly toxic and caused severe environmental pollution. As a result, its use has been banned in many regions.
In recent years, tea saponin has emerged as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative. It is a natural compound derived from plants, known for its ability to effectively remove wild fish without harming the target species like shrimps and crabs. This makes it an ideal replacement for chemical agents like sodium pentachlorophenol.
In a study conducted by the author, tea saponin was tested for its effectiveness in eliminating wild fish in shrimp and crab ponds. At a water temperature of 28°C, the optimal concentration of tea saponin varied depending on the type of wild fish. For example, a concentration of 2.5 mg/L was sufficient to eliminate headfish, while 4.5 mg/L was needed for mud loaches. Importantly, even at higher concentrations, tea saponin showed no harmful effects on shrimps and crabs. In fact, they could survive at concentrations as high as 18 mg/L without any issues.
To apply this method in practice, it's recommended to add 3 grams of tea saponin per cubic meter of pond water. After 16 hours, the majority of wild fish will be removed, while the cultivated shrimps and crabs remain unaffected. This approach not only improves pond management but also supports sustainable aquaculture practices by reducing reliance on harmful chemicals.
Breathing System
For the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system:
Diseases and conditions of the respiratory system fall into two categories: Viruses such as influenza, bacterial pneumonia and the new enterovirus respiratory virus that has been diagnosed in children; and chronic diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). According to Dr. Neal Chaisson, who practices pulmonary medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, there is not much that can be done for viral infections but to let them run their course. "Antibiotics are not effective in treating viruses and the best thing to do is just rest," he said.
COPD is the intersection of three related conditions - chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma and emphysema, Chaisson told Live Science. It is a progressive disease that makes it increasingly difficult for sufferers to breath.
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the lung airways that causes coughing, wheezing, chest tightness or shortness of breath, according to Tonya Winders, president of the Allergy & Asthma Network. These signs and symptoms may be worse when a person is exposed to their triggers, which can include air pollution, tobacco smoke, factory fumes, cleaning solvents, infections, pollens, foods, cold air, exercise, chemicals and medications.
Lung cancer is often associated with smoking, but the disease can affect non-smokers as well. Every year, about 16,000 to 24,000 Americans die of lung cancer, even though they have never smoked, according to the American Cancer Society. Like all cancers, lung cancer is caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
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