To ensure the successful breeding of soft-shelled turtles, it's essential to follow a comprehensive and well-structured approach that covers all aspects from pond construction to disease prevention. Here's an improved and detailed version of the original content, rewritten in natural, human-like English with added insights to meet the required length:
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1. **Pond Construction**
Soft-shelled turtles are sensitive creatures that prefer quiet and calm environments. To create an ideal habitat, choose a location that is sheltered from wind and direct sunlight, with good drainage and irrigation systems. The pond should be designed with several types of sections: one for newly hatched turtles, another for young ones, and separate areas for different growth stages. The bottom of the pond should not be sandy; if it is, it should be replaced with clay or loam. Ponds should be built with sturdy walls, ideally 1 meter high, using materials like bricks or asbestos. A 4-week period is recommended before introducing turtles to allow the pond to settle and stabilize. Also, include feeding and basking areas along the edges of the pond so the turtles can dry off and eat comfortably.
2. **Selecting Seedlings**
The source of soft-shelled turtles can vary—some come from factory nurseries, while others are wild-caught. Regardless of the source, all turtles should be quarantined for at least 15 days before being introduced into the pond. Turtles that are injured or have visible wounds must be kept separately until they heal. Those that are sluggish or show signs of illness should be treated before being placed in the main pond. For optimal stocking density, aim for 100–150 kg of 2nd or 3rd instar turtles per 667 square meters, with a maximum of 200 kg.
3. **Feeding Practices**
While commercial fishmeal is commonly used, it can be expensive and sometimes of poor quality, leading to digestive issues like enteritis. A more sustainable and cost-effective option is to use natural feed sources such as leftover animal scraps from nearby restaurants, snails, clams, small fish, and aquatic plants. You can also cultivate live food like earthworms, water fleas, and insects. Adding plant-based supplements like bran, corn flour, and bean dregs to their diet can improve nutrition. Mixing these ingredients into a balanced feed ensures better health and growth.
4. **Water Quality Management**
Although soft-shelled turtles breathe through their lungs, they spend most of their time in water, making water quality crucial for their health. Maintain a water depth of 0.3 to 0.4 meters and change the water every three days, replacing about one-third each time. Keep the water green, which helps hide the turtles and reduces aggression. Adding floating plants like water lilies or water hyacinths can naturally improve water quality. In larger ponds, change the water every four days, replacing about a quarter each time, and ensure the water remains clean, cool, and rich in dissolved oxygen.
5. **Disease Prevention and Control**
Soft-shelled turtles are prone to various diseases, and early detection is key to effective treatment. Common ailments include:
- **Mycosis (Water Mold):** Identified by white, cotton-like growth on the limbs or neck. Treat by dipping affected turtles in a 1/15,000 malachite green solution for 2–3 minutes daily for 7 days.
- **Neck Disease:** Swelling of the neck and bleeding from the mouth and nose. Disinfect the pool with "rich chlorine" and treat with "healthy" solutions.
- **Red Neck Disease:** Sudden swelling and red spots on the body. Prevent by keeping the water clean and adding antibiotics like chloramphenicol or oxytetracycline to the feed.
- **Intestinal Inflammation:** Foul-smelling feces and slow movement. Add garlic juice or onion to the feed for 7 days.
- **Hemorrhagic Disease:** Bleeding in internal organs and skin. Isolate sick turtles and treat with antibiotics or sulfonamides.
- **White Spot Disease:** White patches on the skin that spread over time. Apply 1% malachite green ointment to the affected area.
- **Turnip Disease:** Erosion of the skin and loss of claws. Use disinfectants like "chlorinated" and apply sulfa drugs daily.
- **Cold Disease:** Caused by sudden temperature changes in the water. Ensure new water matches the pond’s temperature before adding it.
By following these steps, you can create a healthy and productive environment for raising soft-shelled turtles, ensuring both their survival and growth.
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