At present, the primary types of bait used for farmed marine fish can be broadly categorized into fresh fish feed and pellet feed. Fresh fish-based feeding methods are commonly applied in aquaculture, including:
1. Feeding whole or cut-up fresh fish directly to the fish.
2. Processing fish and shrimp into minced meat, extruding it into strips, and freezing it for later use as bait.
3. Mixing fresh or frozen fish with fish meal, binders, and additives to create soft pellets, similar to concentrated feeds.
In contrast, pellet feeds for marine fish are typically expanded using advanced puffing technology. As this technology becomes more widely adopted, the use of extruded pellets is expected to grow. However, current studies and production data indicate that extruded pellet feed often results in poorer growth performance compared to fresh fish bait. This is largely due to imbalanced feed formulations and suboptimal processing techniques.
Despite these drawbacks, extruded pellets remain expensive, and many aquaculture farmers find them unappealing due to their poor appearance and the limitations of domestic processing capabilities. On the other hand, the use of fresh fish as bait has a high feed conversion ratio—often between 8 and 10. With rising fish prices and inconsistent supply, the cost inefficiency of this method is becoming increasingly apparent.
Moreover, the quality of frozen or fresh fish can vary significantly. These feeds often have high fat content and lack certain essential vitamins. Prolonged storage, even under cold conditions, leads to the oxidation of fats and the degradation of nutrients over time. As a result, fish fed on fresh fish bait are prone to health issues such as fatty liver disease and vitamin deficiencies.
In addition, in densely stocked sea areas, leftover fish bait can deteriorate and pollute the water, leading to poor water quality. This environment promotes the spread of bacterial and viral diseases. In recent years, such problems have become widespread in many marine fish farms along China’s coastal regions, with the situation gradually worsening. These challenges highlight the urgent need for more sustainable and efficient feeding solutions in marine aquaculture.
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