Corn is a staple crop with specific nutritional requirements that influence its growth and yield. Understanding these needs is essential for effective fertilization strategies.
1. **Nutritional Characteristics of Corn**
- According to test data, for every 100 kg of corn grain produced, the plant absorbs approximately 3.5–4.0 kg of nitrogen (N), 1.2–1.4 kg of phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 5–6 kg of potassium (K₂O). The ratio of N:P₂O₅:K₂O is roughly 1:0.3:1.5.
- The absorption pattern of these nutrients varies throughout the growing season. During the seedling stage (before jointing), corn takes up about 2.2% of the total nitrogen, while during the mid-season (from jointing to tasseling), it absorbs 51.2% of nitrogen. In the late stage (after tasseling), it accounts for 46.6%. For phosphorus, the seedling stage contributes only 1.1%, while the mid-season accounts for 63.9%, and the late stage for 35.0%. Potassium uptake increases rapidly after jointing, peaks at the flowering stage, and requires careful management to avoid deficiency symptoms.
2. **Fertilization Technology**
Based on the nutrient uptake patterns of corn, the general principle of fertilization includes applying base fertilizer, light topdressing during the seedling stage, reapplication during jointing and ear formation, and careful use of granular fertilizer when needed.
- **Base Fertilizer**: This is primarily organic fertilizer, typically applied at a rate of 1,500–3,000 kg per mu. In phosphorus-deficient soils, 30–40 kg of P₂O₅ per acre is recommended, and in potassium-deficient soils, 5–10 kg of potassium chloride or sulfate per acre should be added. About 80% of the base fertilizer is slow-release, while 20% is available for immediate use. It can be applied deep into the soil or using furrow or hole application methods if the amount is small.
- **Topdressing**: This is usually done in two stages. The first topdressing occurs during the "small bell mouth" stage, where ammonium bicarbonate is used at 30–50 kg per mu, often combined with cultivation. The second topdressing, known as the "jointing and earing" stage, uses urea at 30–50 kg per mu. It is important to cover the fertilizer with soil after application. For fields lacking trace elements like zinc, iron, or boron, foliar sprays such as 0.3% ferrous sulfate or 0.2% borax solution can significantly improve yields when applied during the early earing stage.
Proper fertilization not only ensures healthy plant development but also maximizes yield potential and resource efficiency. Adjusting practices based on soil conditions and crop growth stages is crucial for sustainable corn production.
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