Boron deficiency in plants, particularly in vegetables, is commonly observed through symptoms such as thickened and brittle petioles, poor root development, dark green leaves, distorted or yellowing new leaves, necrotic growth points, abnormal flower formation, and reduced fertility. Common boron fertilizers used in agriculture include borax and boric acid. These can be applied as basal fertilizer, seed treatment, or foliar spray. When used as a base fertilizer, 0.5–1.5 kg of borax or boric acid per 667 m² is recommended. For seed soaking, a solution of 0.01%–0.1% is effective, while 1 kg of seed can be treated with 0.4–1.0 kg of the fertilizer. Foliar sprays should use 0.1%–0.2% borax or 0.05%–0.1% boric acid.
Molybdenum deficiency leads to stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and eventual wilting. Ammonium molybdate and sodium molybdate are the most commonly used molybdenum fertilizers. Seed treatment typically involves 2–6 g of molybdenum fertilizer per 1 kg of seed. Soaking seeds in a 0.05%–0.1% solution is also effective, and top dressing requires a concentration of 0.01%–0.1%.
Manganese deficiency is characterized by brown spots between leaf veins, stunted growth, and reduced yield. Manganese sulfate is widely used in production. As a base fertilizer, 3–5 kg per 667 m² is recommended. For seed treatment, 5–7 g per 1 kg of seed is typical. Seed soaking should use a 0.05%–0.1% solution, and top dressing can apply 0.05%–0.1% concentration.
Zinc deficiency causes rolled petioles, chlorosis, leaf clustering, shortened internodes, and dwarfed plants, significantly reducing yield. Zinc sulfate is the most common zinc fertilizer. As a base fertilizer, 1.0–1.5 kg per 667 m² is suggested, but it should not be mixed with phosphate fertilizers. Seed soaking uses 0.02%–0.04% zinc sulfate, and seed treatment requires 2–4 g per 1 kg of seed. Foliar sprays should be at 0.01%–0.05%.
Copper deficiency results in stunted growth, yellowing seedlings, and necrosis of the apical meristem. Copper sulfate is the primary copper fertilizer. As a base fertilizer, 1 kg per 667 m² is recommended, and it should be evenly mixed with soil. Foliar sprays use a 0.02%–0.04% solution, and adding a small amount of hydrated lime can prevent leaf burn.
Iron deficiency causes interveinal chlorosis, leading to yellow or white leaves. Ferrous sulfate is commonly used. It can be applied as a base fertilizer mixed with organic manure in a 1:20 ratio, or as a 5%–1% solution for foliar application.
**Precautions:**
(1) Foliar sprays should be applied once during the seedling stage and when transitioning from vegetative to reproductive growth, using 50–60 kg of water per 667 m².
(2) Combining foliar sprays with urea (0.05%) can improve efficiency.
(3) Seed soaking should last 6–12 hours.
(4) When used as a base fertilizer, trace elements have a long-lasting effect and can be applied every 2–4 years. Ensure even distribution to avoid over-concentration and potential toxicity. They can be mixed with organic or macronutrient fertilizers for better performance.
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