Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Fungal Mold Contamination
First, mold species and harm
In the cultivation of oyster mushrooms, common molds for contamination include Trichoderma, Penicillium, Neurospora and Aspergillus. Such molds rapidly propagate and spread under conditions of high temperature, high humidity, and poor ventilation, and later form green, blue-green, orange-red, yellow, or black molds on the surface of the culture material. At this time, molds competed with the mushroom mycelium for nutrition, and some secreted toxins, affecting the growth and development of oyster mushrooms, of which the most serious damage by Trichoderma.
Second, the pollution
1, culture material contamination culture material formula is not right, the medium humidity is too large, sterilization is not complete.
2, inoculation of pollution type discomfort, strains impure, poor viability, inoculation environment is not hygienic, improper inoculation, inoculation block around the common mold contamination. When the inoculum size is less than 5-10%, the growth advantage of the oyster mushroom is not obvious, and the mold will infect.
3, bag holes contaminated plastic bags embrittlement, microporous or mechanical damage, mixed bacteria into the gap, and soon formed a clear pollution center.
4. Cultivating pollution This condition is often manifested in the poor air permeability of the pouch fungus, and the high temperature and humidity environment suitable for mold reproduction.
Third, comprehensive control measures
To ensure the normal growth and development of oyster mushrooms, to achieve the purpose of high-quality and high-yield, prevention-oriented, comprehensive prevention and control approach should be adopted.
1. Correct selection and treatment of culture materials Before mixing, the raw materials should be exposed to the sun for 3-4 days to reduce the amount of bacteria in the materials. The mixture was sterilized with 0.2% of 40% carbendazim, and 0.1% thiophanate methyl, 0.1% clotrimazole was also used.
2. Strict control of high quality and suitable strains for inoculation is the basis for successful cultivation. When the seedlings are selected, their bacterial age is 25-35 days, the mycelium is thick and white, there is no water accumulation or detachment phenomenon, no primordium of fruit bodies is formed, and no pollution is appropriate. With suitable raw materials and quality strains, the cleanliness of inoculation sites, tools, and vaccinators must also be maintained to prevent transmission of infections.
3, to protect the growing bag with a good quality plastic bags, and the thickness should be uniform. Avoid the use of sturdy items. The surface of the bag to be contacted should be smooth and gently handled. The utensils to be transported should be smooth or padded. Both tools and hands need to be disinfected when moving.
4, the correct cultivation and management of the inoculated bacteria bags placed under 15-25 °C bacteria. At a temperature of about 20-25 °C, the air relative humidity of 85-95%, mushroom mushroom mycelium grows rapidly, bacteria are not easy to occur. If the temperature reaches 28-32°C, the relative humidity of the air is above 95%, and the pH is 3.5-6.0, it will cause the growth advantage of various fungi such as Trichoderma and Penicillium. If it is found that there is more water in the bottom of the bag, it can be drained in time and the position of the bacteria bag can be changed. Otherwise, the mold will be quickly contaminated. In addition, ventilate frequently during mycelium culture to maintain normal temperature and humidity to ensure normal mycelial growth.
5, scientific drugs often check bacteria bags, mold contamination should be promptly handled, so as not to spread. When the fungal spot occurs, 1% Kemodulin is injected into the affected area. If the pollution is heavy, it will be partially flaky. You can first remove the mold and spray 5% lime water on the affected area. Serious pollution must be promptly cleared and buried.
The Causes and Prevention and Control of Pleurotus ostreatus Pests and Death Mushrooms
First, prevention and control of pests and diseases of mushroom
It is necessary to keep the interior of the mushroom house clean. The entire shed space was sprayed regularly with 1-2% lime water and then sprayed with thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold dilutions. Use resistant strains.
The treatment of the old mushroom house generally adopts the method of spraying fungicide and smoke fumigation. Commonly used spray agents include pungent sulfur, bleaching powder, and fire alkali, etc.; aerosols have disinfection boxes, potassium permanganate, chloropicrin and so on.
When the culture medium develops, red, black, and blue and other bacterial infections need to be promptly managed through strong winds. In the presence of green mold, it is necessary to use carbendazim, clotrimylum, and ash powder to treat infections in time. The emergence of slime bacteria to reduce the humidity inside the greenhouse, and clear the infection disk. Properly dispose of contaminated bacterial bags and discarded contaminated blocks.
Effective use of insecticidal sterilizing drugs. At a certain time interval, the corn cobs soaked with 200 times solution of pyrethrum were placed in the sheds for indoor pest killing; also, 2.5% deltamethrin or 4.5% cypermethrin was sprayed.
Using UV light to seduce the mushroom mosquito and mushroom fly. Prevent insects from installing window screens on doors and windows to prevent the entry of some adult insects.
Second, the cause of mushroom death mushroom and control
Slide mushroom mushrooming stage, often appear Dead mushroom cut or no harvest. The following points should be noted in the mushrooming stage:
1. Strong convection air blows dried mushrooms
When the fruiting body of the slider mushroom grows, the temperature of the bean pod is not enough, and the temperature in the upper shed is not enough. In addition, the vent is too large, and the strong hot air enters the mushroom shed, so that the mushroom body is dried by the wind and dies. After the rotten mushroom.
Prevention:
The water sprayed in the mushroom shed was 3-4 times a day, and the relative humidity reached 85-95%.
The size of the vents depends on the weather. Rainy days or morning and evening vents should be larger. Windy days have little or no ventilation openings.
2, high temperature and humidity
The fruiting body of plentiful mushroom grows to the rice grain size, meets the continuous high temperature, adds the water spray to the mushroom body to cause the high temperature high humidity, lacks the oxygen to die for the mushroom.
Precaution:
When Mushroom buys strains, it chooses wide-temperature type strains that meet the local climate and has strong resistance to stress, high yield and high quality strains.
Open (stick) mushroom: It must be stable outside the temperature of 24 degrees, the temperature difference is above 10 degrees.
Once the temperature is too high, it is necessary to spray cold water or shade nets, and stay up all night to cool the wind.
3, mushroom fly, mosquito
The mycelium and fruit body of the oyster mushroom was sprayed with bitter wounds of mushrooms and mosquitoes, and the stool was cross-infected with dead mushrooms.
Precaution:
Do a good job inside and outside the mushroom shed.
In the mushroom breeding season, no light is allowed in the mushroom shed at night.
Mushroom sheds yellow sticks or uses sweet and sour liquid to drown Mushroom fly.
Use insecticides that meet the national standards for edible fungi to prevent pests in a timely manner.
4, fruiting too dense
When spraying mushrooms with excessive amounts of auxin, the surface of the mushrooms was too dense and uneven in size, resulting in less than sufficient supply of nutrients and killing the mushrooms.
Precaution:
Mushroom auxin auxin must be used after slippery mushroom 1-2.
As soon as the mushroom appears, it is better to raise the nutrient solution as early as possible.
5, yellow slime
It is a bacterial disease and will be severely damaged. Pathogens are derived from broad-leaved rot and high-temperature, high-humidity broad-leaved rots, rotten tussocks, etc., transmission methods, wind, rain, and mosquitoes. Symptoms of yellow mucilage: At the time of first occurrence, the dots are connected to form a piece, which expands to the whole picture. The color is bright yellow, and there is stench.
Precaution:
Timely weeds outside the shed.
Strictly sterilize before opening (sticks) and re-spray special drugs for edible fungi.
After the opening, it was discovered that the mushroom doctor, bacteria killer, and yellow slime killer were used in time.
The Causes and Prevention of Infectious Bacteria in Cultivation of Fungus Mushrooms
First, the inoculation time is late
It was too late to start the inoculation until April, when the weather became warmer and susceptible to bacteria. Inoculation is best in February-March, when the mycelial of the edible fungus grows above 5°C, the sprouting takes longer, while the mold needs more than 15°C to occur. Therefore, to arrange for early inoculation with low-temperature germs, you can cross fungal infection.
Second, the medium mixed with pine sawdust
Because the pine sawdust contains bactericidal substances, it can inhibit the growth of mushroom mycelium, hyphae do not eat, resulting in a large number of late bacteria and failure.
Third, bacterial species aging
The most suitable strain age is about 40-50 strains from the start of inoculation. The old strains have matured mycelia, slow mycelial growth, and are susceptible to infestation of the bacteria in later stages. Early production of strains should be stored below 4°C to allow the hypha to become dormant before it can prevent aging.
Fourth, indoor aseptic operation is not strict
There are no fixed inoculation rooms for mushroom cultivation in rural areas, and most of them are vaccinated in residential areas. There are many opportunities for contamination, and aseptic operations must be strictly performed. Such as vaccination room and mushroom house to be completely disinfected, walls and greenhouses should be painted white (with a white brush 1), all utensils and plastic Pu film to use 3% to soak children. Staff wear sterile white coats, hats (masking hair), masks, wash hands first, and then wipe hands with 75% alcohol cotton balls before the operation. Other people are not allowed to enter or vaccinate during the operation. They are also less likely to smoke, spitting or talking. . 3% Bordeaux fluid is regularly sprayed on the shelves after being put on the shelves.
V. Inoculation is less
Normally, the ratio of culture material and bacteria is 10:1. If the inoculum size is small, the mycelium grows slowly and it is easy to infect the bacteria. With appropriate increase in the amount of seeds such as 10:1.5 or 10:2, very few bacteria are infected.
Six, steam and inoculation are not synchronized
Some mushroom farmers concentrated on steaming materials first, and they were vaccinated several days later. This increased the chance of pollution. The correct approach is: hot pack or bagging, cooling in the room, vaccination the same day, can not be extended to the next day.
Seventh, old mushroom room hidden danger
Mushroom house spores are many, can easily cause bacteria infection. Therefore, re-disinfection brushing white before cultivation, cross disinfection with two disinfectants.
VIII. Disturbance of bran and sawdust
Ingredients when the bran, bran should not exceed 20%, or poor permeability easily rancidity infection of bacteria. In addition, bran and bran must be fresh and rancid must not be used.
Nine, environmental pollution
The surrounding environment is unclean and there are many spores, causing serious infections. The cultivation field should choose a place with fresh air and good ventilation. There should not be large feces sites, livestock houses, and garbage dumps nearby.
Tenth, the fungus is too thick
The thickness of the culture medium is 8 cm, which means that the material is compressed from 10 cm to 8 cm, and the length of the culture medium for the thick mycelium is prolonged. The infection rate of the bacteria is high.
Eleven, with the old plastic film
Once used, the old membrane, especially the old membrane contaminated by the mold, has a high infection rate. If you use the old membrane, you must first wash with alkaline water and then use 3% to soak liquid for a day and night, remove and shake off the water and then use.
Twelve, mushroom room humidity
When the mycelium grows, the indoor relative humidity should not exceed 70%, that is, it should not be wet when it is dry. In addition, when the mushroom needs humidity, the humidity can enhance the ventilation, and the indoor release of lime absorbs moisture.
Thirteen, bacteria block moisture
The humidity of mushroom culture medium should not exceed 65%, and the growth of water-rich mycelium is slow. If the hyphae have penetrated 1 cm, the hyphae can continue to grow because the bottom of the water is large (the humidity is large and the water content is large) mycelium is not long.
XIV. Direct sunlight
The culture medium should be cultured with hyphae to avoid light, and there should be scattered light in the room. For example, direct sunlight will cause the growth of mycelia to be inhibited. Therefore, to avoid light cultivation, do not allow sunlight to shine on the bacteria.
Fifteen, ventilation has a dead end
Mycelium growth requires oxygen, good ventilation during germination period, rapid growth of mycelium, and overgrown medium in advance. Therefore, when constructing a mushroom house, the north and south windows should be equal, the window should be large, and the ground windows should be flush with the ground. The roof should be equipped with a pull-out duct.
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