The famous magazine Science has recently listed a list to tell you which technological breakthroughs are most important in 2015.
Science is an academic journal published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Technology. It publishes a variety of academic research, as well as related scientific news and opinions. It is considered to be one of the most authoritative academic journals in the world.
To see the full version of the report, please click here. If you don't have any time, the author will help you briefly describe the following:
1. CRISPR genome editing technology
Let's take a look at the CRISPR gene editing technology in the first place.
The full name of CRISPR is "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats", a bacterial defense mechanism that was first discovered in 2007 by a yogurt company. But until 2012, CRISPR was gradually getting more attention from scientists.
If bacteria detect the invasion of a viral gene, it can directly remove the infected gene. This is the basic principle of CRISPR technology. Simply put, CRISPR has the ability to directionalally remove certain viral genes.
2. New Horizons flies over Pluto
In July of this year, the detector "New Horizons" launched by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) flew over Pluto at close range. For the first time, human beings have clearly seen the appearance of Pluto, and it is also an important moment for humans to explore space. This has since become a marketing campaign used by many brands, you can look at the situation here.
The "New Horizons" is a probe launched by NASA in 2006 and is the fastest launching spacecraft to date. In June of that year, it quickly flew over Mars and returned the first observation. In January 2007, it reached the edge of Jupiter's gravitational field.
After ending the very important Pluto observation mission, the next goal of the New Horizons is to explore the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune. It is a mysterious disc-shaped area, and the state of the celestial body makes you think it is another asteroid belt. But there is a lot of evidence that the objects here may be much larger than the asteroids.
3. A vaccine that can cure Ebola virus
The Ebola outbreak that erupted in West African countries last year caused a large number of infections and deaths. It is predicted that by the end of this year, these countries may lose $32.6 billion in revenue due to the Ebola outbreak. However, the World Health Organization has finally developed a vaccine that will cure this virus this year.
The drug was originally developed by the public health department in Canada and was later acquired by the pharmaceutical company Merck. According to a study published in the British medical journal The Lancet in July this year, the vaccine has an efficiency of 75%-100%.
4. There are also lymphatic vessels in the brain.
In July, Nature published a study by the University of Virginia, which found lymphatic channels in the brain. The lymphatic system is a reticulated liquid system that helps clean up human waste and transport immune cells.
The discovery subverts what has been said in the past few decades as "there is no lymphatic conduit in the brain." The researchers said that this result was not observed before because the special structure inside the brain hides the observation of lymphatic vessels. It can better explain the causes of some neurological diseases, such as autism.
5. Psychological research is not always accurate
After re-reviewing 100 reports published in various psychological journals in August this year, the researchers found that only 39% of the results were repeatedly validated and validated. This means that it is possible that the research itself has errors, or that the researchers have only used that part of the data that meets their requirements.
For this problem, the researchers proposed a solution called "pre-registration." They will publish the relevant experimental protocol before the experiment begins. Finally, no matter what the statistical results look like, these data will still be disclosed to avoid errors in the test results.
6. The mantle plume really exists
Scientists have been arguing for nearly 40 years on the existence of the mantle plume. However, the researchers used a tomography technique to find that there are 28 hot columns from the core, each of which has a thickness of 800 kilometers. The results of this study may reinterpret what the specific structure of the Earth is like.
7. Yeast can also be used as a painkiller.
Scientists in August this year found that yeast can be used to synthesize painkillers, which can replace the poppy that was originally used. This can reduce the addiction of long-term use of painkillers.
8. Quantum entanglement is confirmed
Simply put, this quantum state describes the interaction between two particles. Regardless of the distance between them, as long as the state of one of the particles changes, the other particle will change accordingly.
According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, it is impossible to have any object that exceeds the speed of light. However, the research team at the University of New South Wales denied this in an experiment, which confirmed that the "quantum entanglement" state does exist.
9. In fact, the earliest Americans came from Asia.
This conclusion is actually derived from a study of a bone called Kennewick Man.
These skeletons have been around for 8500 years now, and researchers have done DNA testing on them: The early aborigines of the American continent actually entered the Americas from the Bering Strait in Asia during the Ice Age 15,000 years ago.
10. Another new race
The research team found 1,500 pieces of primitive bone fossils in a cave in South Africa, probably from a new race Homo naledi that has never been discovered.
According to researchers, these bone fossils may come from 15 different people. These Homo naledi may have smaller heads, curved fingers, and often move on trees.
Video: Breakthrough of the Year 2015
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