The cultivation of white needle mushrooms typically relies on greenhouses for seasonal production during autumn and winter. However, in spring and summer, high temperatures prevent growth and cause production to halt. To address this, cultivating white needle mushrooms in cold storage from May to September not only meets domestic and international market demands but also maximizes the use of available cold storage facilities, thereby increasing profitability.
Pure white gold mushrooms differ from yellow golden mushrooms in several key aspects, including temperature and humidity requirements, oxygen needs, light sensitivity, mycelium development, and fruiting behavior. Many farmers have yet to fully master these specific conditions, leading to low yields and poor quality. Based on practical experience and research, this article outlines some effective techniques for cultivating pure white gold mushrooms, offering valuable insights for growers.
(1) Renovation and Utilization of Cold Storage
Cold storage facilities can be categorized into high-temperature (fruit storage) and low-temperature (meat and seafood storage) based on their temperature ranges. They can also be classified as above-ground, underground, or cave-based structures. Originally designed for food preservation, these storages are not ideal for mushroom cultivation without modifications. Proper adjustments are necessary to meet the environmental needs of white needle mushrooms.
The effectiveness of cold storage depends on its condition and design. In Hebei Province, it has been observed that high-temperature storage units perform better than low-temperature ones, medium-sized units outperform large ones, and above-ground structures are more suitable than underground or cave-based storage. For annual mushroom production, a cold storage group is more efficient than a single warehouse.
Reconstructing cold storage requires minimal investment since refrigeration systems and infrastructure are already in place. Additional water, gas, and lighting must be added. There are three main approaches to utilizing cold storage:
First, converting part of the cold storage into a spore room and another part into a mushroom room, along with additional facilities like seed production, sterilization, and raw material storage. This creates a self-sufficient system for year-round production.
Second, using the cold storage as a summer mushroom room, while setting up a simple plastic shed on the ground for spore cultivation. This method allows for simultaneous storage operations and minimal investment. The plastic shed can also be used for growing other mushrooms in autumn and winter, enabling year-round production without affecting the storage business.
Third, forming a consortium with neighboring cold storage facilities. By dividing tasks and cooperating, each facility can specialize in different stages of the process, such as spore production or fruiting. This collaboration ensures balanced profits and efficient resource use.
(B) Benefits of Cold Storage Cultivation
From practical experience, the efficiency of white needle mushroom cultivation is generally 1–2 times the investment cost (excluding fixed assets), meaning a 100 yuan investment can yield 100–200 yuan in profit. Profitability depends on multiple factors, including management, techniques, scale, pricing, facilities, staff quality, and operational mechanisms.
Depending on the structure and height of the storage beds, cold-growing mushrooms can generate around 100–150 yuan per square meter. Daily power consumption per bag is approximately 1 cent, with a bioconversion rate of 50–100%. With four 150-square-meter cold storage units, annual revenue could reach about 960,000 yuan, with costs of around 360,000 yuan. After deducting expenses, profits could reach 600,000 yuan annually. These costs are spread over four batches, making it manageable for small-scale investors.
In addition, other types of mushrooms can be processed into salted varieties, adding further value. This approach not only increases income but also makes full use of underutilized resources.
(3) Challenges in Cold Storage Cultivation
Effective cultivation requires careful coordination of temperature, humidity, gas levels, and light to meet the growth needs of white needle mushrooms. Failure to do so can result in poor quality or reduced yields, ultimately causing financial losses.
For example, in a cold storage facility in Liuzhou City, Guangxi, in July 1995, four warehouses were used for white gold mushroom cultivation. Despite initial good mycelium growth, later-stage mushroom failure led to a loss of 100,000 yuan. Lessons learned highlighted the following critical issues:
1. During the germination phase, high temperatures accelerate mycelium aging, allowing contaminants to thrive.
2. Once the mycelium is well-developed, if the temperature remains too high (above 10°C), the fruiting bodies become elongated, loose, and prone to early aging. Mushroom feet may grow excessive hair, stick together, and become contaminated.
3. The mushrooms may lack elasticity and appear unappealing due to insufficient "inhibition treatment" at the young stage. To ensure quality, the temperature should be lowered to 4–6°C for 4–8 days during the early mushroom phase, which is essential for producing high-quality mushrooms.
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