In recent years, as the price of grapes has risen steadily and the efficiency of planting grows steadily, the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grapes has increased, and the investment in grape growing has also increased. In recent days, the author went to Raoyang West along Wanwan Village, Wodi Village, Wangluo Village, Shenzhou City, and found out that some fruit growers who have less than 1 mu of land use chemical fertilizers cost as much as 500 yuan each time! Excessive fertilization results in frequent occurrence of fertilizer damage and severe burning of roots. The following are some of the unscientific fertilization methods that the author learned about going to the countryside. The fruit farmers friend may wish to check and see if you have these problems.
First, the newly planted vines, the new roots did not grow out on the fertilization, or base fertilizer applied too shallow, causing dead seedlings
In the newly planted vines, new roots usually grow when the tendrils grow. Excessive application of fertilizer before the new root grows on the one hand causes difficulty in the water absorption of the seedlings, on the other hand, it makes the new roots hard to grow. When it encounters high temperatures, the above-ground parts will die and die. Before the new root grows, it is only suitable for the foliage to supplement the nutrition. It can use urea water 500 times solution + Nonglaixin potassium dihydrogen phosphate 600 times foliar spray, spray once every 5 days, and even spray 3 times. When spray fertilizer is best to choose when the afternoon is not too hot spray, fast rough spray. In addition, when the new root is grown, it is also not suitable to use high-concentration fertilizers and flush with amino acid powder and fungus fertilizer.
Second, after germination, it was found that the yellow leaves were heavily fertilized and watered
Before germination and flowering, 65% of the vine's nutrition came from the storage of the tree in the previous year. At this time, the tree showed yellowing, which was mainly due to insufficient accumulation of nutrients in the previous year. The related factors are: high output in the previous year, late harvest, insufficient nutrient accumulation; late fall of leaves caused by downy mildew; late last year, more nitrogen fertilizer, twigs can not normally mature; late last year soil moisture is too rough Roots or excessive amounts of fertilizers have caused roots to die; basal fertilizers have been applied too late or fertilized in spring, and roots have been damaged. All of these reasons are basically related to the weak and weak root system. In early spring, the temperature rises quickly and the ground temperature rises slowly. If you choose to fertilize and water a lot, it will lead to lower soil temperature and poor root absorption capacity, plus the root system itself. If it is weak, there will be less watering and fertilization. In this case, on the one hand, it is necessary to loosen the soil and increase the ground temperature. At the same time, it is necessary to supplement the nutrition of the leaves. The above-mentioned foliar fertilizer application plan can be referred to.
Third, the treetop yellowing or the whole tree yellowing blindly iron fertilizer
In some vineyards, the leaves of the treetops are yellowed, and even the whole tree leaves are yellowish in color. The symptoms are very much like iron deficiency. It is not necessarily iron deficiency in the soil. Most of the soil is cold and wet, and the roots are poorly breathed. The absorption capacity is weak. The absorption of iron and other elements is difficult. This phenomenon occurs mostly in greenhouse vines or vineyards that have been covered with mulching film and have excessive soil moisture. Fertilizing or watering at this time will reduce the temperature and increase the iron deficiency symptoms. Foliar iron and other elements can not replace the root absorption, can only be a temporary solution. When the amount of fertilizer is too large, it is easy to burn roots. The first thing to solve in this case is the problem of soil permeability and vitality of the roots. Loose soil and evacuation are effective measures. The good soil roots can be good. The roots are good, the trees are strong, the trees are strong, and the output goes up. However, there are fewer physiological diseases.
Fourth, the more fertilized the higher the yield
Many grape growers believe that the more grapes they grow, the better they grow and the higher the yield. According to the author's experiments for many years, the vineyards with high-concentration fertilizers have lower yields and worse quality than the vineyards with medium and low-concentration fertilizers. When fertilizing near the trunk, it not only has low absorption and utilization, but also can easily cause burnout of rough roots, which has a great impact on tree growth. If a large number of rough roots died in the previous year, the spread of germs along the roots of death would result in the sudden death of the growing branches in the next year.
5. Only drip fertilizer when drip irrigation, do not drip clean water
When individual orchards are drip-filled, fertilizer is added each time, and the drip of fertilizer stops immediately. As the amount of water in each drop is limited, the evaporation of water on the surface causes the concentration of fertilizer in the soil to become higher and higher, eventually causing the roots to burn out. The integration of water and fertilizer should be preceded by drops of water before the first 15 minutes of water.
6. Simple composting of fresh chicken or pig dung is considered decomposed
Fresh chicken manure or pig manure contain more nitrogen, phosphorus and other components, and the price is low. There are several issues to be paid attention to when applying it: First, ammonia and putrescine (odor) are contained in the leaves and roots of the grapes. Great harm. Second, it will bring in a lot of germs and nematodes. Third, heavy metal pollution. This will increase the salt content of the soil, and the salinity of many dried chicken manure will exceed 10%, and the long-term application will cause soil salinization. Fourth, excessive nitrogen fertilizers cause unbalanced elements. Fresh chicken manure or pig manure is simply composted. In the whole process, harmful bacteria and nematodes are not reduced, part of the nitrogen fertilizer (ammonia and putrescine) is lost, and the environment is also affected. This fertilizer applied to the soil can easily cause serious burning of roots or cause root rot. Fresh chicken manure or pig manure needs to be stuffed with organic materials such as soaked straw. After high temperature fermentation, the nitrogen and phosphorus in the chicken manure or pig manure and the cellulose in the straw are used and transformed by microorganisms and become no Damaged grapes are more easily absorbed and utilized by the grapes, and NPK is more balanced. And during the high-temperature fermentation process, harmful bacteria and nematodes are killed in large quantities, making them safer for the grapes and making the soil healthier. After the chicken manure or pig feces after high-temperature fermentation and decomposing, there is no odor smell, distribution of white hyphae, unfamed chicken manure or pig manure, can not see the hyphae, and it smells rather odor.
It is recommended that the agricultural fermentation agent ferments chicken manure and pig manure by itself, which has low cost and good effect.
7. Acidify severe soil and continue to apply physiological acid fertilizer
The pH value of the soil affects the absorption of mineral elements by the grape. At the same time, the pH value of the soil is closely related to the activity of the microorganisms and the population distribution. It also has great influence on the growth and development of the grapes. Under acidic conditions, the organic matter in the soil is decomposed, the buffering capacity of the soil is reduced, soil compaction is caused, the permeability of water permeability is deteriorated, and the growth and development of the crop are seriously affected. Acidic soils produce fungi, root rot and root knot nematodes increase. In old orchards, soil acidification occurs due to continuous application of sulfur-based or chlorine-based fertilizers for many years. If the soil has been acidified, these physiological acidic fertilizers should not be applied again. They should be adjusted with physiological alkaline fertilizers and used alone or in combination with other fertilizers.
VIII. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer affects the absorption of calcium and some trace elements
Excessive phosphorus will affect the absorption of zinc, iron, boron and manganese by grapes. Excess phosphorus will also cause the ionized calcium and magnesium to solidify and reduce absorption. The absorption of calcium and magnesium by grapes is far greater than the absorption of phosphorus.
9. Fertilization when lack of high temperature
The application of quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the early stage of fruit ripening can not only improve fruit quality, but also strengthen the resistance of the tree. However, at this time the temperature is high, soil moisture is not good, if the irrigation is not timely after fertilization, the concentration of fertilizer absorbed by the roots is large, and the phenomenon of coking of the leaf margin after fertilization is easy to occur, so that the function of the leaves is impaired and the photosynthesis is affected, thereby affecting the fruit quality and price At the same time, the disease resistance of the leaves decreased. If there is more rain in the later period, the disease of the leaves is serious and even causes the leaves to fall early.
Tenth, fertilizer application balance is wrong
Some growers believe that applying a fertilizer with a N, P, and K content of 15 equals balanced fertilization. This is only a balanced fertilizer ratio, and there is no relationship with scientific balanced fertilization. According to the different growth stages of crops, applying different proportions of fertilizer is the real balanced fertilization technology. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is sprayed in time before flowering, young fruit, and inflating, so that the nutrients and moisture of the fruit tree mother can be saturated to supply the development and enlargement of pulp. If autumn fertilization is performed, if there is no shortage of fertilizer before flowering, no or a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is used, especially the Jufeng series of varieties, to prevent excessive nutrition, resulting in falling flowers and falling fruit. Phosphate fertilizers should be used for flowering at flowering stage, and boron, zinc, iron and other trace elements should be added to make the length of new shoots suitable. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when the leaves are hypertrophy and green. The fruit coloring period is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Appropriate amount of N, P, K, and K compound fertilizers are applied after the fruit is harvested to promote early restoration of fruit tree function and avoid premature aging.
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